The Moving Role of Buddhism in the United States - 1184 Words

For more than a hundred of years, Buddhism has played a moving role in the United States. At first, the teachings of Buddhism were quietly practiced among Chinese and Japanese immigrants on the west coast, but it quickly became a thriving religion in the United States performed by millions. These ambitious supporters have produced millions of books, magazines, television shows, and even movies. Different volumes on â€Å"The Art of Zen† are shelved in bookstores, [. The] the Dalai Lama has been characterized in Hollywood movies, and [the] civilian’s new fascination in Buddhist [Buddhism] has published in the NY Times magazine. [New Paragraph] This religion originally [, which originated] from India [,] has appeared in social movements, and sports across the country, [.] and Buddhist studies are taught in universities from Portland, Maine to Honolulu, Hawaii. This American version of Buddhism has been adapted and publicized for the wrong reasons by millions of Americans. Instead of focusing on the religion and its teachings, Americans have patented its spiritual essence. Fashion industries have printed the famous elephant, one of Buddha Shakyamuni’s previous incarnations, [and] rock bands are named after the Buddhism term Nirvana, [. There are also] and nightclub bars are named ‘Buddha’. However, there are small instances when Buddhism is used correctly. One type of Buddhism has been majorly focused on. This type is called Zen Buddhism. The instance in which Buddhism is usedShow MoreRelatedThe Cultural Aspects Of Culture995 Words   |  4 Pagesoriginate when people that live close get together share their belief systems and can distinguish right from wrong. When a religion is created the cultural rules get included in the religious rules. For example, in Buddhism, nuns have way more rules that have to be followed than the priests. Buddhism is native to India, and women in India are ruled and taken care of by the men. 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Hobbes and Rawls on Justice Free Essays

Hobbes and Rawls are essentially both Social Contract theory advocates. Since Rawls came later than Hobbes, it is no surprise that his ideas are a bit similar with those of Hobbes and other social contract theorists. However, the similarities are few and the differences in their ideas as a whole are vast. We will write a custom essay sample on Hobbes and Rawls on Justice or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hobbes writes in his Leviathan that before the establishment of the government or any ruling body, man was in a state of nature. Since no one’s ruling over everyone, the state of nature could essentially be a form of anarchy. In this state of nature, every individual has a natural right to do anything for his sake. For example, if someone wants an object belonging to another, there is nothing wrong if that person takes it; if a person wants to use someone’s body, he can do so without thinking of the harm he does to the person. Thus, everything immoral we think of today is valid in that state of nature. There is no justice in such a state since justice only exists when there is some form of law that covers everyone and which everyone abides by. This is where Hobbes’ two laws of nature comes in. The first is that all individuals should seek peace because otherwise, the only alternative is war. The second is that everyone should give up certain rights to be able to attain that peace. And for this law to to work, everyone in society should agree to it. Rawls, on the other hand, uses the term original position instead of the state of nature. In the original position, there is also no government, and the individuals are behind a veil of ignorance wherein they have no idea of themselves, their preferences and their position in society, unlike the people in Hobbes state of nature. Since Rawls also believes that each individual acts on self-interest, being behind such a veil while forming the social contract that will rule over them will help keep the contract from being beneficial for only the minority. After all, the social contract will affect all in every way and thus, the individuals will design it in a manner so as not to risk placing themselves in an unfortunate position. Rawls say that they would then base their design on the maximin rule, summarize as each individual would choose a state that is the least unfortunate of all for them. A cake illustration simplifies things. Two individuals who want cake would agree that one cuts the cake once while the other chooses first. This will automatically guarantee that the cake will be cut evenly since the cutter wouldn’t want to end up with a smaller piece. To generalize, Rawls comes up with two basic principles of justice. First is that each person should have equal right to every liberty, like political liberty, freedom to hold property and speech, etc., as does everyone else, at the same time. The second is that inequalities, like wealth distribution and/or status, in society are okay only if it helps the least fortunate people in society and that each individual have equal opportunity to access it   (Jedicke). To relate, natural justice dictates that man is inherently good, a man with good intent should not be harmed and that man should treat others as he wants to be treated. The positive laws, often in contrast with natural law, were then established to help guide society. Although the statement that man is inherently good contradicts Hobbes’ view of man in the natural state, the natural law made by the governing body is like the social contract that everyone agreed upon to abide by. Since everyone is abiding by it, they’ve agreed to sacrifice certain rights they had in the state of nature. It cannot be helped, though, that some would still not give up and disobey the natural law, therefore committing a crime. If this was to be allowed to happen without due consequence, then everyone would stop abiding by the law and the world would revert back to the state of nature. Thus, punishing those who commit crime is only just for everyone who is keeping the law, since it is injustice when one does not keep it. The present society under democracy is the nearest consequence of how the social contract should be under Rawls’ justice. In a democracy, everyone is given equal right and opportunity for every liberty, all at the same time. Everyone is given the right to have education, thus the presence of public schools, because this will entail, in the end, that people would have equal opportunities for jobs. Unfortunately, it certainly isn’t happening completely and probably won’t happen completely. After all, the established laws were made by individuals who weren’t influenced by the veil of ignorance. Thus, as they made the present laws, even given that they made it to represent the will of the people, there would still be an injustice in that there would always be the probability that the law made were for the good of a few. Presently, it is obvious that a fair amount of Hobbes’ philosophy, and of other people, on justice is present at the judicial proceedings and laws in many countries. Rawls’ may be on its way as many people, like politicians, are reading and being influenced by his work. Works Cited Kay, Charles D. â€Å"Justice as Fairness.† 1997. 22 September 2007 http://webs.wofford.edu/kaycd/ethics/justice.htm How to cite Hobbes and Rawls on Justice, Essay examples Hobbes and Rawls on Justice Free Essays Hobbes and Rawls are essentially both Social Contract theory advocates. Since Rawls came later than Hobbes, it is no surprise that his ideas are a bit similar with those of Hobbes and other social contract theorists. However, the similarities are few and the differences in their ideas as a whole are vast. We will write a custom essay sample on Hobbes and Rawls on Justice or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hobbes writes in his Leviathan that before the establishment of the government or any ruling body, man was in a state of nature. Since no one’s ruling over everyone, the state of nature could essentially be a form of anarchy. In this state of nature, every individual has a natural right to do anything for his sake. For example, if someone wants an object belonging to another, there is nothing wrong if that person takes it; if a person wants to use someone’s body, he can do so without thinking of the harm he does to the person. Thus, everything immoral we think of today is valid in that state of nature. There is no justice in such a state since justice only exists when there is some form of law that covers everyone and which everyone abides by. This is where Hobbes’ two laws of nature comes in. The first is that all individuals should seek peace because otherwise, the only alternative is war. The second is that everyone should give up certain rights to be able to attain that peace. And for this law to to work, everyone in society should agree to it. Rawls, on the other hand, uses the term original position instead of the state of nature. In the original position, there is also no government, and the individuals are behind a veil of ignorance wherein they have no idea of themselves, their preferences and their position in society, unlike the people in Hobbes state of nature. Since Rawls also believes that each individual acts on self-interest, being behind such a veil while forming the social contract that will rule over them will help keep the contract from being beneficial for only the minority. After all, the social contract will affect all in every way and thus, the individuals will design it in a manner so as not to risk placing themselves in an unfortunate position. Rawls say that they would then base their design on the maximin rule, summarize as each individual would choose a state that is the least unfortunate of all for them. A cake illustration simplifies things. Two individuals who want cake would agree that one cuts the cake once while the other chooses first. This will automatically guarantee that the cake will be cut evenly since the cutter wouldn’t want to end up with a smaller piece. To generalize, Rawls comes up with two basic principles of justice. First is that each person should have equal right to every liberty, like political liberty, freedom to hold property and speech, etc., as does everyone else, at the same time. The second is that inequalities, like wealth distribution and/or status, in society are okay only if it helps the least fortunate people in society and that each individual have equal opportunity to access it   (Jedicke). To relate, natural justice dictates that man is inherently good, a man with good intent should not be harmed and that man should treat others as he wants to be treated. The positive laws, often in contrast with natural law, were then established to help guide society. Although the statement that man is inherently good contradicts Hobbes’ view of man in the natural state, the natural law made by the governing body is like the social contract that everyone agreed upon to abide by. Since everyone is abiding by it, they’ve agreed to sacrifice certain rights they had in the state of nature. It cannot be helped, though, that some would still not give up and disobey the natural law, therefore committing a crime. If this was to be allowed to happen without due consequence, then everyone would stop abiding by the law and the world would revert back to the state of nature. Thus, punishing those who commit crime is only just for everyone who is keeping the law, since it is injustice when one does not keep it. The present society under democracy is the nearest consequence of how the social contract should be under Rawls’ justice. In a democracy, everyone is given equal right and opportunity for every liberty, all at the same time. Everyone is given the right to have education, thus the presence of public schools, because this will entail, in the end, that people would have equal opportunities for jobs. Unfortunately, it certainly isn’t happening completely and probably won’t happen completely. After all, the established laws were made by individuals who weren’t influenced by the veil of ignorance. Thus, as they made the present laws, even given that they made it to represent the will of the people, there would still be an injustice in that there would always be the probability that the law made were for the good of a few. Presently, it is obvious that a fair amount of Hobbes’ philosophy, and of other people, on justice is present at the judicial proceedings and laws in many countries. Rawls’ may be on its way as many people, like politicians, are reading and being influenced by his work. Works Cited Kay, Charles D. â€Å"Justice as Fairness.† 1997. 22 September 2007 http://webs.wofford.edu/kaycd/ethics/justice.htm How to cite Hobbes and Rawls on Justice, Essay examples

Bio Help free essay sample

For each of the questions or incomplete statements below (#1-15), select the answer choice that is best in each case. Fill in the corresponding lettered space on your scantron. 1. In the 1980’s satellite measurement of ozone concentration in the upper atmosphere over Antarctica revealed the environmental damage caused by use of A. lead in the lining of pipes. B. growth hormone on cattle. C. certain chemicals in refrigerants. D. plutonium to manufacture nuclear weapons. In examining a picture of a cell taken with an electron microscope, a student observes that the cell has a nucleus and a cell membrane, but not a cell wall. The student can correctly conclude that the cell probably comes from A. a moss. B. a fungus. C. a bacterium. D. an animal. 3. A chemical interferes with a cell’s ability to make proteins. Investigations reveal that the cell parts responsible for making proteins are in working order. The cell can also encode instructions for making proteins, but those instructions are not being carried out. The chemical appears to affect the communication between the A. cell wall and nucleus. B. nucleus and ribosomes. C. mitochondria and chloroplasts. D. endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes. 4. An ecologist obtains a water sample from a possibly polluted river. Which form of pollution could be searched for by examining slides of the water under a compound microscope? A. bacteria B. acid rain C. heavy metals D. dissolved riverbank minerals * Plants provide the entry point for energy into an ecosystem. How is this illustrated in a food pyramid? A. Plants are shown at the top of the pyramid. B. Plants always have the greatest overall bio-mass. C. Plants are located in the middle of the pyramid D. Plants have the smallest number of organisms. 9. How does DNA change from generation to generation in asexual organisms? A. cloning B. mutation C. variation D. gene pairing10. Athletes want a drink to help them maintain constant cellular respiration during their game. To accomplish this, the drink should contain A. ATP. B. lipids. C. glucose. D. proteins. * Brussels sprouts, cabbage, and cauliflower are all variations of the same species of mustard plant. If they are allowed to crossbreed, they will eventually produce similar-looking offspring. What process created these different variations in the first place? A. sexual selection B. natural selection C. DNA transplants D. selective breeding The Genetics of Mouse Fur| Trait| Gene| Inheritance| dark brown fur| B| dominant| light brown fur| b| recessive| 15. If two heterozygous mice (Bb) mate, what is the probability that an offspring will have dark brown fur? A. 1 3 B. 1 2 C. 3 4 D. 2Directions for Question 16: When responding to the open-ended question that follows, you may use words, tables, diagrams, and /or drawings. Write your answer in your answer folder. 16. Sally and her parents have an unusual trait which is carried on a dominant gene. * If Sally’s parents have another child, could he or she have the normal, recessive trait? * Could Sally have children with the normal, recessive trait? * Explain the factors that affect your conclusion. END OF PART 1 STOPSCIENCE – PART 2 * A biologist would use a compound microscope to count which of the following? A. genes B. proteins C. enzymes D. chromosomes * In 2000, gene therapy was used to cure three infants with Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (SCID). This technology can only be used if SCID is what kind of disease? A. inherited B. infectious C. metabolic D. contagious19. In fruit flies with the curly wing mutation, the wings will be straight if the flies are kept at 16 degrees Celsius. The most probable explanation for this is that A. fruit flies with curly wings cannot survive at high temperatures. B. he environment influences wing phenotype in these fruit flies. C. high temperatures increase the rate of mutations. D. wing length in these fruit flies is directly proportional to temperature. * Viruses are exceptions to the cell theory, but they have some characteristics of living things. What is one of these characteristics? A. They are made up of many specialized cells. B. They contain genetic material. C. They reproduce by mitosis. D. They contain chlorophyll. 26. In squirrels, the gene for gray fur (G) is dominant over the gene for black fur (g). If 50% of a large litter of squirrels are gray, the parental cross that produced this litter was most likely A. GG x Gg B. GG x GG C. Gg x gg D. gg x gg * Because the gene for hemophilia is located on the X-chromosome, it is normally impossible for aA. carrier mother to pass the gene to her sonB. hemophiliac father to pass the gene on to his sonC. hemophiliac father to pass the gene to his daughterD. carrier mother to pass the gene to her daughter * The outward appearance (gene expression) of a particular trait in an organism is referred to as A. genotype B. a phenotype C. an allele D. a chromosome * Proteins are made from amino acids by the process ofA. hydrolysisB. pinocytosisC. active transportD. dehydration synthesisSCIENCE – PART 333. The structural similarities between the flippers of whales and the arms of humans are used to show that the A. human species began life in the oceansB. human species and whales have a common ancestryC. whales are older than the human species D. whales evolved from the human species * A biologist reported success in breeding a tiger with a lion, producing healthy offspring. Other biologists will accept this report as fact only if A. research shows that other animals can be crossbred B. the offspring are given a scientific name C. the biologist included a control in the experiment D. other researchers can replicate the experiment * The diagram below represents a pyramid of energy in an ecosystem. Which level in the pyramid would most likely contain members of the plant kingdom? A. AB. BC. CD. D * According to some scientists, patterns of evolution can be illustrated by the diagrams below. Which statement best explains the patterns seen in these diagrams? A. The organisms at the end of each branch can be found in the environment today. B. The organisms that are living today have all evolved at the same rate and have undergone the same kinds of changes. C. Evolution involves changes that give rise to a variety of organisms, some of which continue to change through time while others die out. D. These patterns cannot be used to illustrate the evolution of extinct organisms. * During meiosis, crossing-over (gene exchange between chromosomes) may occur. Crossing over usually results in A. overproduction of gametes B. fertilization and development C. he formation of identical offspring D. variation within the species43. In an ecosystem, which component is not recycled? A. waterB. energyC. oxygenD. carbon44. Which practice would most likely deplete a non- renewable natural resource? A. harvesting trees on a tree farmB. burning coal to generate electricity in a power plantC. restricting water usage during a period of water shortageD. building a dam and a power plant to use water to generate electricity. * Changes in the chemical composition of the atmosphere that may produce acid rain are most closely associated withA. nsects that excrete acidsB. runoff from acidic soilsC. industrial smoke stack emissionsD. flocks of migrating birds * A sudden change in the DNA of a chromosome can usually be passed on to future generations if the change occurs in a A. skin cellB. liver cellC. sex cellD. brain cell| The Genetics of Cat Fur| Trait| Inheritance| short hair| dominant| long hair| recessive| 5. If a long-haired cat is mated to a pure-bredshort-haired cat, what will be the expected appearance of their offspring? A. 100% short-haired B. 75% short-haired; 25% long-haired C. 0% short-haired; 50% long-haired D. 25% short-haired, 75% long-haired6. Scientists use a certain technique to measure RNA levels in various cell types. Which of the following is most directly observed by this technique? A. mutation B. cell division C. gene expression D. osmotic regulation * A certain trait is caused by a re cessively inherited gene that is not sex-linked. A man and a woman, neither of whom exhibits the trait, have a child with the trait. What is the probability that their second child will have the trait? A. 0% B. 25% C. 50% D. 100%12. The oldest fossils that have been found are of single-celled organisms. This suggests that life on Earth A. has evolved over time from simple to complex. B. has become less complex as the atmosphere changed. C. changes in response to mutations, not environment. D. mutates in order to adapt to new environments. 13. Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, fossil fuels have been burned extensively. One way to study the atmospheric effects of burning fossil fuels is to study the percent increase in atmospheric A. carbon dioxide. B. elium. C. nitrogen. D. oxygen. * What cellular process in plants makes them useful to animals as a source of energy? A. ATP production B. DNA replication C. cellular respiration D. glucose production21. Which formula represents an organic compound? A. Mg(OH)2B. NaC1C. C12H22O11D. NH322. Which are the four most abundant elements in living cells? A. carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfurB. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogenC. carbon, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorusD. carbon, sulfur, hydrogen, magnesium23. Which pair of compounds can be classified as inorganic? A. ucleic acids and mineralsB. proteins and waterC. water and saltsD. nucleic acids and proteins24. Most cell membranes are composed principally ofA. DNA and ATPB. proteins and lipidsC. chitin and starchD. nucleotides and amino acids25. Normally, in the process of osmosis, the net flow of water molecules into or out of the cell depends upon differences in the A. concentration of water molecules inside and outside the cell B. concentration of enzymes on either side of the cell membrane C. rate of molecular motion on either side of the cell membrane D. ate of movement of insoluble molecules inside the cell * Two nucleotide sequences found in two differentspecies are almost exactly the same. This suggests that these speciesA. are evolving into the same speciesB. contain identical DNAC. may have similar evolutionary historiesD. have the same number of mutations * The theory that evolutionary change is slow and continuous is known asA. punctuated equilibriumB. geographic isolationC. speciationD. gradualismDirections for Question 32: When responding to the open-ended question that follows, you may use words, tables, diagrams, and/or drawings. Write your answers in your answer folder. 32. Adrian has constructed a miniature ecosystem that includes tiny animals in a sealed glass jar. He measures the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide of the air inside the jar periodically. After recording an increase in oxygen and a decrease in carbon dioxide, he concludes that there are too many plants for the number of animals inside the jar. * How did the measurements lead him to this conclusion? * If Adrian places the glass jar in a room that receives less light, how will this help balance the ecosystem in the glass jar? END OF PART 2 STOP 36. The diagrams below represent some steps in a procedure used in biotechnology. Letters X an Y represent the A. hormones that stimulate the replication of bacterial DNA B. biochemical catalysts involved in the insertion of genes into other organisms C. hormones that trigger rapid mutation of genetic information D. gases needed to produce the energy required for gene manipulation * Which statement best illustrates a rapid biological adaptation that has actually occurred? A. Pesticide-resistant insects have developed in certain environments. B. Scientific evidence indicates that dinosaurs once lived on land. C. Paving large areas of land has decreased habitats for certain organisms. D. The characteristics of sharks have remained unchanged over a long period of time. 40. The equation below represents a summary of a biological process. Carbon dioxide + water glucose + water + oxygenThis process is completed inA. mitochondriaB. ribosomesC. cell membranesD. chloroplasts41. In a stable, long-existing community, the establishment of a single species per niche is most directly the result ofA. parasitismB. nterbreedingC. competitionD. overproduction * The flow of energy through an ecosystem involves many energy transfers. The diagram below summarized the transfer of energy that eventually powers muscle activity. Sun Food ATP Muscle Activity A B C The process of cellular respiration is represented byA. Arrow A onlyB. Arrow B onlyC. Arrow C onlyD. Arrows A, B, and C47. Which structure is best observed using a compound light microscope? A. a cellB. a virusC. a DNA sequenceD. he inner surface of a mitochondrionDirections for Question 48: When responding to the open-ended question that follows, you may use words, tables, diagrams, and/or drawings. Write your answers in your answer folder. * In the process of genetic engineering, scientists can develop organisms with traits they would not otherwise possess. * Identify two biological materials scientists work with when conducting genetic engineering experiments. * Identify two kinds of cells biologists work with in order to genetically engineer organisms.