The GDP Term Essay Example for Free

The GDP Term Essay GDP should really stand for Grossly Deceptive Product† The Economist What does GDP actually measure? When discussing about the economy of one country, people often talk about â€Å"Gross Domestic Product (GDP). However, there are a number of disagreements among economist about the value of GDP. Therefore, this essay will discuss whether or not GDP is an ideal measurement of the development of a nation. It first explores the term GDP and ways to measure it. The essay then compares GDP with Gross National Product (GNP) and Human Development Index (HDI). According to Mankiw (2011), the value of all final goods and services in the market produced within a country in a given time span is defined as GDP. Through this definition, there is only one measure of all the value of the economic activities for a range of products, and both goods and services are included in GDP at their market value. Nevertheless, comparing the value of one product to the other is not always easy, for example it is difficult to say if an orange is more valuable than an apple as different consumers value a good differently. It is important to have criteria to differentiate the value of different goods and services. Hence, the market price was introduced in order to identify the volume of customers who are able to purchase particular products. To measure GDP by using the market value helps to include a wide range of commodities in the market. Not only are common items such as food, clothes and other living necessity but also the housing services included in the market value. By measuring GDP this way, many business activities like market rental housing reflect the market value and become indicators of the market. Moreover, volume of owner-occupied housing can be used to measure the market rental value of a country. Nevertheless, according to Abel et al (2008), although this measurement of GDP encompasses a number of goods and services, it still does not cover some products like which are traded in informal markets. It is ideal that all of the goods and services exiting in the market are reflected through GDP. However, in many cases measuring the value of a number of goods and services in non-market and illegal markets is impossible, this makes measuring GDP more difficult. For instance, although the vegetables consumers buy in supermarkets are included in GDP, the ones that farmers grow in their gardens are not counted in GDP. Moreover, it is obvious that the trade of illegal drugs and other products is not counted in GDP. In addition, manufacturing and trading goods and services often relate to the impact in the environment. However, the benefits of clean air and natural water are not traded in the market; and GDP does not reflect actions to reduce pollution or improve environmental quality. There are three main methods for measuring GDP, namely product approach, expenditure approach and income approach. According to Tucker (2011) the product approach is based on value- added concept; it measures economic activity by summing the value added by all producers. In this product approach, the market value of the goods and services traded in the market are included in the economic activities. Nevertheless, the value which is produced and used up in the intermediate stage of the manufacture process is excluded. The second approach is based on expenditure, it consider GDP from a different angle by including expenditure in national income account. GDP is measured as the total spending of final commodities within a nation during a certain period of time. The spending is categories into four kinds, which added to get the GDP (Y), they are consumption (C), investment (I), government purchase of goods and services (G), and net exports of goods and services, indicating the difference between export and import (NX= X-M). Therefore, GDP by expenditure approach is formulated as follow: Y= C+ I + G+ NX (Brezina, 2012). The third method measuring GDP is the income approach, which takes in to account the income gained by manufacturers, such as profits and taxes paid. There are eight types of national incomes, which are: * Compensation of employees consists of workers’ incomes including salaries, wages, pension plans or other benefits businesses deliver to their employees * Income of Proprietors includes capital income and labor incomes of the non-incorporated self-employed. * People’s Rental income: people who have lands, structures or properties can rent them out and receive an amount of money; this is called rental income. * Corporate Profits: this is the amount of money earned by corporations through their business activities. Corporate profits are the results of corporate revenue after rents, wages and costs deductions. * Net income: is the income of individuals earned from their businesses or paid by businesses or other sources after tax deduction or interest paid. * Taxes on production and imports: this encompasses indirect business taxes * Business current transfer payments (net): these are payments which governments or individuals receive from businesses as charitable donations from insurance payments or translation. It should be notice that these payments are not paid for taxes, wages or service charges. * Current surplus of government enterprises: these are businesses’ profits owned by government including electricity, water, public transportations and so forth. There are three main concepts of GDP, namely nominal GDP, real GDP and GDP deflator. Tucker (2011) defines â€Å"The nominal GDP means that the value of all final goods which based on the prices existing during the time period of production†. It is known as current dollar or money GDP and it increases in three different ways. Firstly, it increases when output rises while prices remain unchanged. Nominal GDP also grows when prices increase while the output is constant. The final way which is seen in the typical case, is that both of output and price rise. A major distinction between nominal and real GDP is to measure the gaps between changes in output and the price level which relate to marketing. When the current dollar GDP of a country increases significantly, it is possible that its productions have enlarged markedly. Nevertheless, it is probably that inflation is increasing, so the prices of goods and services grow accordingly. As for the real GDP, the value of all final products production based on the existing prices in a given year. The real GDP which is measured after taking inflation in to account is also known as constant dollar GDP. A price index used to measure the overall level of prices of goods and services included in GDP is defined as the GDP deflator, which is formulated as: GDP deflator = (Nominal GDP/ Real GDP) x 100. It is a measure of the average level of prices for some specified set of products, proportionate to the prices in a specified based year. Hence, the choice of base year decides the value of real GDP and the GDP deflator. In addition, Brakman et al (2006) suggests the method to calculate the real GDP by the use of the chained volume measure of GDP and to take an average of the variation in price. Another way to measure the status of a national economy is through Gross National Product (GNP) and many governments use it as a standard to measure their economy. Brakman et al 2006 defines GNP as â€Å"the market value of the goods and services, which produced by labor and property of residents of a country†. GNP and GDP are different in that they treat output generated by capital and labours having job outsides its home country differently (Abel et al 2008). While the former takes into account the market value of final goods newly produced by domestic factors of production during the current period, the latter only includes production produced within a country. To illustrate, a Chinese worker working in the US, on one hand his services are part of American GDP, on the other hand they contribute to China GNP. In addition, besides labor services, the difference between GNP and GDP also hold for many factors of production like capital. The differentiation between them is calculated as in the formula: GDP= GNP- NFP. Abel et al referred NFP as â€Å"net factor payments from abroad, which to be income paid to domestic factors of production by the rest of the world minus income paid to foreign factors of production by domestic economy†. However, in reality the value of GDP is similar to that of GNP. For example, British GDP was only 0.2% lower than its GNP, $ 1415 billion compared with $ 1417 billion. That is a reason why only two countries out of thirty six having an income level of over $ 100 billion differentiate GDP and GNP. Though the argument whether GNP or GDP is an ideal measurement of national development is debatable, both of the measures still cannot cover many other aspects of the national economy. There are a number of drawbacks pointed out. For instance, it is difficult to set up the best criteria to measure standard of living, quality of goods and services provided the economy activities in shadow economy, welfare issues, income inequality and the negative externality issue (Brezina, 2012). As a result, it is possible that in a country with high GDP not every people live in high standard or benefit form that high GDP. Regarding to the case of China, the China GDP demonstrates approximately equal market value to that in the United Kingdom. Nevertheless, China GDP per capita according to current prices is 19 times lower than that of the UK, indicating a relatively huge gap in GDP per capita between the two nations. Likewise, Australia and India have the same situation as that between China and the UK. Both of these countries have nearly the same level of GDP; on the other hand, GDP per capital of Australia is 46 times greater than that of India. In terms of PPP, the number of goods and services purchased with a unit of each country’s currency is measured by this indicator. PPP takes into consideration the differences in price levels of different goods and different demand patterns in different countries. In PPP calculation approach, the amount of disposal income per capita in the UK is just seven times higher than that in China. Similarly, the amount of disposal income per capital in Australia is just 17 times larger than that in India. By PPP indicator, income gaps between countries are much narrower than those calculated by GDP per capital indicator. It should be noticed that the increase in GDP trend when it is measured by the government is not always a positive sign. GDP increases could be resulted from either economic development or inflation. Therefore, in the case that GDP increase because of inflation then the increase in GDP does not lead to the increase in living standard; alternatively, it would remain the same. Furthermore, According to Abel et al., (2008), there are a number of trades are excluded from GDP such as illegal transactions with drugs, smuggling or other business activities which are not declared formally on documents. Therefore, the total amount of GDP is somewhat flawed when it only could measure formal and legal economic activities which are demonstrated under formal documents. In a number of countries including Nigeria, Bolivia and Switzerland, informal business activities under shadow economy account for a considerable amount of percentage of total GDP. Nigeria, Bolivia and Switzerland had 77%, 67% and 9% of GDP of those activities in the shadow respectively. The definitions of GDP are flawed; thus, there has not any comprehensive definition for GDP. Therefore, According to Robert Kennedy† â€Å"The GDP measures neither our wit nor our courage, neither our wisdom nor our learning, neither our compassion nor our devotion to the country. It measures everything, in short, except that which makes life worth living† (Robert Kennedy) Although GDP indicates average income level in a country functioning as navigation for living standard, it does not what it is spent on. Generally, HDI (Human Development Index) has a huge gap with GDP. HDI is regarded as a valid measure of a nation’s progress; it is the result of the average value of the three indices called educational attainment, longevity and income (Karalay, 2005, p.214). Furthermore, there has been a major concern about inequality in income, which facing the position of GDP. China can be used as a typical example since the richest 10% income is 18.4 times than the 10% poorest. Ultimately, measuring GDP failed in addressing the cost of negative externality and the value of leisure; actually, these factors are ignored in GDP. Thus, the calculation of GDP is based on the assumption that most of population just does business activities. Moreover, it is hard to quantify the cost of environment. Although the increase in GDP indicates the development of an economy, factors such as air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution and annoy are not taken into account in calculating GDP. Environment has been come a major issue for the new generation, who have been attempting to protect the environment, which are under a great deal of damage. Therefore, the concept of â€Å"Green† GDP has been introduced. Leisure life, a crucial indicator of social and economic welfare was not counted in GDP. In order to increase GDP, people, workers and employees often have to increase their working hours, thus, reduce their leisure time. The value of leisure is hard to be measured but it is also regarded as services and goods expected by the people in a country. GDP often excludes leisure activities. For example, in Taiwan, government imposes the policy which allows workers to have two days off at weekend. Although this policy would increase cost of employers, it would increase social welfare in general. Because of incomprehensiveness, GDP is unable to provide people a thorough picture of a national economy such as living standard, social welfare and so on. GDP is actually just a number given by government in order to demonstrate its people that government is working hard for the prosperity of a nation. GDP measures have been facing a large number of limitations. According to the economist Joseph Stiglitz, there should be another measurement. Hence, he introduced the concept Gross Deceptive Product in the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress report in 2009. In this report, limitations in measuring GDP is emphasized; then additional information needed for the introduction of more comprehensive indications is presented. The report also evaluates the feasibility of alternative measurement tools of GDP. In addition, the report introduced twelve improvements in the ways to measure economic development. For example, income and consumption should be assessed rather than production; household perspective, income and consumption should be emphasized together with wealth broaden income measure to non-market activities and so forth. Despite a great deal of flaw, GDP has contributed greatly in measuring the development of a country as well as providing important information for foreign investment and immigration. Nevertheless, GDP is not a perfect statistic since it is unable to demonstrate living standard and social welfare. GDP is just can general information of national wealth and income. Reference Abel A B, Bernanke B S and Crouchore D (2008), Macroeconomics, 6th Ed, Pearson Education Inc, Boston Brakman S, Garretsen H, Marrewijk C V and Witteloostuijn A V (2006), National and Firms in the Global: An Introduction of International Economics and Business, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Brezina C (2012), Understanding the Gross Domestic Product and the Gross National Product, The Rosen Publishing Group Inc, New York Karalay G N (2005), Integrated approach to rural development: policies, programmes and strategies, Concept Publishing Company, India Mankiw N G (2011), Principles of Economics, Cengage Learning, USA Tucker I B (2011), Macroeconomics for Today, 7th Ed, South- Western Cengage Learning, USA

Custom Made Apparel and Individualized Service at Lands End

Custom Made Apparel and Individualized Service at Lands End Many company uses the website as well as outlets and catalogs as ways of selling their products directly to the customers. At the beginnings since it has founded in 1963 in Chicago, Lands Ends website offered only limited products, however by the time the site offers every Lands End products such as clothes whether they are sports or uniforms for women, men and children, luggage, overstocks, shoes and home furnishings. As of recent, the company has had success with its Custom Clothing line. The ordering process is not sophisticated through the companys web site; a customer would answer a variety of simple questions regarding his or her body type and style preferences in order to create the perfect shirt or pants. The order is processed through a sophisticated technology system, which sends the appropriate information to the respective destinations. Lands End operates on the way that tries to achieve the best services and products for the customer. As a result, customers have learned to expect a high level of service at all times; from the beginning of the order, to receiving help and advice, to speedy shipping, and further follow-up when necessary. It is increasingly becoming larger every year as well as making itself known a lot more on the internet as well. However, catalogs do and probably will for the rest of their lives continue to be the first in their marketing strategies; although it costs less when they bring customers to its file through e-commerce. Also the company is now also selling its products at Sears stores; most of their sales come from within their products being sold at Sears stores because by the fall of 2003, the company lines were to be available in all Sears full line stores. Sears Roebuck acquired Lands End in 2002 then they were bought by Kmart Holdings which is currently Sears Holdings. Key issues: It faces some challenges in increasing its marketplace; Lands End felt a growing need for enhancing and developing its marketing strategies, multi-channel marketing campaigns, and a shifting management focus from product-centric ( customization ) to customer-centric strategies. Their end goal was to increase customer loyalty with the intent of increasing revenue. So, the have some issues or challenges in maintain their competitive advantage in its industry regarding its product category and price. For example, the existing and new competitors like Amazon and Sears could threaten its brand name and position in marketplace and the appropriate use of IT to sustain its competitive of advantage in the light of up coming new technologies and trends. Analysis and Interpretation: Who are the stakeholders that should particularly involve in this case? and that have the major influence to measure the companys strengths and weakness. There are two main stakeholder groups that deal with Lands End. The customers and the investors. The customers are the people who drive all the sales through buying the apparel. They also have the greatest affect through having their feedback about the store as well as the web site. So, without the internet, the customers satisfaction would not be existing and could not be measured or investigated by the investors to manage operational aspects of marketing campaigns through achieving the alignment between business strategy and IT strategy. So, the internet acts as a major advertisement because it contains all their financial information and since the company is so successful. The criteria that categorized Lands End as a leader in marketing are quality of products, commitment to services and customization through its effective website. This can be defined as its strengths or its powerful guarantee to develop customer relationships and business communication to increase sales and market share. Website (customization-website-customer service) The web site itself is particularly easy and makes the shopping unique, interesting , easy and attractive. The web site design is organized regarding ordering online process, its exciting products because it presents variations and manufacturing a variety of similar but individualized. This is an example of a good companys position and strategic methods because it supports and maintain customer loyalty as Lands Ends senior vice president for e-commerce said customer loyalty to our custom tailored clothing has surprised me. The level of feeling that customers have is amazing. This is particularly true for women. Once they get a pair of jeans to fit some will order every color in every fabric ( Piccoli, 2007 ). Some of the advantages of customization are building and maintaining customer loyalty, pricing and avoiding physical scanning and body measurement if they go to the shop. (My Virtual Model) is one of the company innovative shopping tool. According to it, customers can create a 3 -D model of themselves by providing critical measurements, which are then applied to the individuals personal Virtual Model. Once a virtual model is created the customer can use it to try on items to see how they will look on his or her body. Outfits can be stored and recalled for later reference. Moreover, the model created, a persons model can also be used at other apparel web sites in the My Virtual Model network, and can be e-mailed to family and friends. Also, from the customers perspective, the web site allows you to be aware of everything about Lands End from the beginnings to the end. Lands End knows how to attract customers as well as keep them on the site through an easy way which to buy. Its divisions are very organized starting with gender of sex starts off with gender of sex.; then it will divide it up in pieces of clothing whether its pants, shirts, skirts, shoes and so on. Moreover, it has section to measure the customers willingness to pay through identifying the amo unt they like to pay to present all the products that have the certain price range. This way saves a lot of time and probably money; so it gives the customer a quick inside online store of what a normal outlet store would look like in person. . If the web site is unorganized or running slow, that is going to turn customers away from the web site. But Lands End website guarantees its customers security policies and provides them with a highly standard of customer service if they order using phone. Through the website they can get the required information about their customers whether they are old, current, new or future. It is very useful to collect the information the organization needs about the customer to actually increase the level of knowledge for the company about the customers and it allows them to know a lot more about each individual customer especially because they have profile of their customers. Strategic Alignment One of any organisation factor of success strategically and technologically is bringing both It and IS strategies within the organisation strategy. This is called strategic alignment which means the effective correlation between internal and external domains. Internal domain comes out the integration between business strategy and IT strategy while the external domain is involved in the integration between organizational infrastructure and process and IS infrastructure and process. In this case, Lands End achieves a high degree of strategic alignment; through using archetype solutions for custom-tailored clothes, a process engineering approach that included developing a corporate metric model and mind map that anticipated the specific ways that inventory managers would use them to improve and develop business strategy. Inventory management system is used to help ensure customer satisfaction by avoiding unexpected backorders. Orders are electronically sent to the warehouse, where the g oods are packaged, shipping labels are printed, and the package is sent out to a delivery service. Alternatively, orders that include customized items are sent to a mainframe which computes estimated measurements based on user data, which is used to develop a pattern to be used in the manufacturing of the item. It supports fast shipping and embroidering. As it mentioned before the high performance of customer service is quite a good evidence of the systems ability to retrieve orders quickly and accurately. Moreover, lower prices comes out the efficiency and effectively resulting from sending the orders to the warehouse in electronic form. That is why the web site adds the competitive advantage to Lands End. The organisations business strategy is presented to achieve its scope, marinating competitive advantage and reaching business governance. It shows in the case through providing each customer with a personal experience that builds a good standard relationship to last for long time . Also, its successful business strategy shows through dependable quality, fair prices, efficient service, call back program and positive employee experience. To achieve its scope, it depends on archetype solutions that fits mass customization and custom-clothing service and web based services in clothing industry. As a result of AS, the company has made big investment in people and technology to achieve the competitive advantage and get the expected profits. After looking at Exhibit 1 and 2, the financial situation in Lands End shows its progress which indicates its position. The first table shows their revenue in millions from 1999 to 2002. There is a big jump of about 197 millions dollars from 1999 to 2002 in the company. Each year they will continue to make a little more money mainly from increasing cliental and offering a wider span of products. Challenges: (competitive advantage)/ Recommendations Lands Ends mass customization and web-based customer service initiatives provide a great opportunity to discuss the sustainability of competitive advantage derived from IT-driven strategic initiatives. Although AS, Inc allows the company to maintain its competitive advantage, Ends Ends mainly has competencies in apparel manufacturing and retail efficiency. Therefore it should consider those areas in its operational integration to have the link between the organisational infrastructure and IS, It should pay its particular attention to its use of IT. The most important opportunity that Lands End should take advantage of is to place Internet terminals along with the clothing displays in the Sears stores. This would allow customers to try-on clothes, feel fabrics, and test sizes inside the Sears store, yet still place an order for a specific item that is not offered in the store. This would increase sales by eliminating the loss of sales from stock-outs, as well as increase brand awarene ss. With the invention and innovation of new textiles, Lands End can expand its current ordering system to include new fabric choices on many different products. This would allow customers to both customizing their own clothing and electing a colour, which would increase customer satisfaction and as a result customer loyalty. Lands End should also market towards young customers aging from ( 10 20) in order to increase sales both presently and maintain them in the future (by retaining customers). It can do this by designing new styles and advertising through its web site. Lands End should stay a competitive advantage in its industry regarding its operations to keep going in custom-tailored clothes; and the required enhancement of its industry is necessary and essential to product category and price. It also should have the ability to use It in the light of up coming technologies and trends. Lands End might lose its competitive advantage due to fallen barriers, technology replication cycle.

Essay --

Batch biosorption isotherm parameters were determined using the Langmuir isotherm, Freundlich isotherm, Dubinin – Radushkevich isotherm and generalized isotherm models. Non-linear regression process gives better results for the determination of isotherms parameters [21]. Hence the isotherm parameters were determined using MATLAB tool ‘nlinfit’ for nonlinear regression. The Langmuir isotherm model is very often used to compute and compare the efficiency of different biosorbents. This model was originally developed for description of adsorption of gas on the activated carbon [26]. The empirical relationship is based on the assumptions that the biosorption is a monolayer, and biosorbent have the finite number of homogeneous binding sites. The Langmuir isotherm relation is basically hyperbolic and given in Eq. (2) [23]. (2) where qe is equilibrium biosorption uptake capacity, Cf is equilibrium concentration (mg l-1) of the residual sorbate, qmax is maximum sorbate uptake (mg g-1) under the given conditions and bL is Langmuir constant (l mg-1). Langmuir constant represents the energy and affinity of the biding sites. The Langmuir isotherm model can be expressed in terms of dimensionless equilibrium parameter ‘RL’ which is also known as separation factor as given in Eq. (3). Separation factor value helps to determine the nature of the biosorption process to be either unfavorable (RL>1), linear (RL=1), favorable (0 (3) The values of Langmuir constant and maximum biosorption capacity are summarized in Table 1. ICTB showed better performance as compared to other two biosorbents i.e. ICUB and ICLB. The maximum biosorption capacity of ICTB, ICUB and ICLB was found to be 197.68, 178.06 and ... ... isotherm is a combination of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms models and is given below. (7) where qm is maximum biosorption capacity (mg g-1), nG is the cooperative binding constant and KG is the saturation constant (mg l-1). The values of Generalized isotherm constants, i.e. KG and nG along with maximum biosorption capacity were determined. The values of constants are summarized in Table 5. Generalized isotherm model gives a better fit to the equilibrium experimental data for biosorption of nickel ions. The values of MSE were found to be smaller and ranged between 0.88 to 10.27. Table 5: Generalized isotherm parameters for biosorption of nickel ions After comparing all the isotherm models it is revealed that Langmuir isotherm model and Generalized isotherm model represent the equilibrium biosorption data slightly better as compared with other isotherms.

The History of the Psychedelic Movement :: Psychedelic Movement Buddhism Religion Essays

The History of the Psychedelic Movement In an attempt to synthesize my own personal academic area of interest, that is: the history of the psychedelic movement in twentieth century America, with the content of the Asian Religions course, I have elected to study the relationship between the influx of Buddhist philosophy and the psychedelic counter-culture movement of the 1960’s and 1970’s. The subject, although highly specific, has nonetheless generated intellectual interest substantial enough to warrant a sub-field of study, in terms of Buddhist/American History examination. This paper will focus on the thought of the main harbingers of this movement, specifically Aldous Huxley, Alan Watts, and Dr. Timothy Leary. This study will also examine the corruptions of classical Buddhist philosophy wrought by these intellectuals concerned with integrating the psychedelic experience in an Eastern context. The connection between Buddhism and psychedelics in the American experience is a subject of contention because of t he controversial associations of chemically altered perception as compared to traditional Bodhicitta, or the mind of enlightenment. The author Emma Layman, in her book Buddhism in America, asserts: â€Å"Of all the Buddhist groups in America, those focusing on meditation have been most attractive to young people from the drug scene, and it is these groups that have taken the strongest stand against drug use. The psychological literature as well as the literature on Zen abounds in descriptions of the altered states of consciousness experienced under the influence of LSD-25 and other hallucinogenic drugs. Descriptions of these drug-induced states often compare them with the experience of satori or enlightenment which may result from Buddhist meditation. Frequently the opinion is expressed that, under certain circumstances, the LSD experience is a satori experience. † The popularity of Buddhism in America became most pronounce in the period after World War II. It is interesting to note that the United States had just concluded the most devastating war in human history, with the first use of the atomic bomb on the Empire of Japan, yet the Japanese of style Buddhism took hold in America more than other school after the war. It could be said that the main figure head of Japanese, or more precisely, Zen Buddhism, in America was the author and intellectual Dr. D.T. Suzuki. In terms of the American expression of Buddhism, Suzuki had more influence over the interpretation of Zen philosophy than any other writer of the time.

Antony’s Speech and the Rhetoric Used

Vengeance is a powerful. Caesar’s slaying by Brutus sets Antony in motion to deceive his murderers into allowing him to speak to Rome. In his speech to the Romans, Antony turns Rome against Brutus using repetition to convey the irony in his own speech and discredit Brutus, as well as, applying meter to add emphasis to the mutiny, and contrast Brutus’s speech allowing him to connect with his countrymen. Repetition is used powerfully throughout Antony’s speech to convey a multitude of thoughts, however, the repetition particularly lends to the irony of the piece. †¦let me not stir you up / To such a sudden flood of mutiny. † (188-189) is a prime example of the irony in his address. His intent from the beginning is to lead a revolt against Brutus and Caesar’s other murderers, the fact that he actually states he does not want to create a mutiny while stirring up these very same people to revolt is very ironic. Antony uses an ironic repetition to adv ance his efforts for a mutiny in the discrediting of Brutus. Before Antony takes the stage to talk to Rome, Brutus has just given a very lively speech and the Romans are partial to him.It is then necessary for Antony to use dramatic irony to deceive his countrymen that he believes that â€Å"†¦Brutus is an honourable man;† (61). When Antony first describes Brutus as honourable the audience agrees it is only after the fourth time he says this that the whole crowd realize the irony behind what he is saying.. Antony uses this irony to discredit Brutus’s honour and sway the Romans to join in a mutiny against Brutus. The meter in Antony’s speech is also a very key part in adding emphasis to the mutiny he wishes to instill in the Romans.Most lines have ten syllables however there are several lines with only nine syllables to add affect. Not only do these sentences have less syllables in common but also they end with ambition. For example â€Å"Yet Brutus says he was ambitious;† (72) the lost syllables place is taken by a pause that allows the Roman and the reader to reflect on the repeated word ambition. This pause allows the Antony to inflict the thought that it was not Caesar that was ambitious but Brutus instead. This meter allows Antony to incite the doubt of Brutus in the minds of Antony’s countrymen and incite them to revolt.Interestingly enough the meter in Antony’s speech also serves as a contrast to Brutus’s who spoke in prose. Antony is a nobleman as is Brutus and throughout the whole play the only part where their dialogue is not written in meter of some sort is when Brutus addresses his countrymen. Antony however speaks as if he is addressing another noble conveying the message that he sees them as equals to him, and that while Brutus speaks down to their level, Antony lifts them up to his equal. This allows him to then sympathize with his countrymen and relate to them so that it is easier to coax the m to mutiny.

Internet Phishing Essay

Internet Phishing is the 21st century crime with stories running all over the globe on how victims are succumbing to this attack. While the people carrying out this task, have continually developed more sophisticated methods of crime, while on the other hand, businesses have been continuously searching for solutions on how to protect their customers’ personal data and increase their email security. While most of the organizations around the world are battling for better and safer solutions, most of them are taking intermediary steps to prevent phishing. This paper intends to discuss the technologies and security flaws that are used by Phishers to exploit data. Along with this, the some neutral advise is also presented on how to combat the growing issue of Phishing. The word â€Å"phishing† initially comes from the equivalence that early Internet criminals used email lures to â€Å"phish† for passwords and economic data from a group of Internet users. The use of â€Å"ph† in the terminology is partly lost with time and has been most likely associated with other hacking words like â€Å"Phreaks† which traces back to early hackers who were involved in â€Å"phreaking† _ the hacking of telephone systems. Phishing makes use of most of the popular internet communication channels, spoofed messages in order to lure victim into their trap in order to steal the electronic identity of the victim. Phishing is related to the act of tricking customers with their confidential information for despicable use. Phishing targets the use of mass emails like Spam and most often make the use of bots to automatically target victims. Any online business may find Phishers masquerading as them and targeting their customer base. The size of the organization does not matter much over here but it is the value of the information that is reaped by such types of attacks. There has been an escalating amount of increase in the number of phishing attacks and now the Phishers attack an audience size in the range of millions of users around the world. These email addresses have been found at the large online retail websites where internet users tend to submit their email id’s at the click of a mouse. Some of these websites have also been found to be fake and illegal which allow the Phishers to easily fool the users into submitting their personal information very easily before identifying any kind of safety issues. While the method of Spam was quite annoying and burdensome, Phishing has the potential to directly attack the important data and create losses due to illegal currency transfers. As the study suggests, over 57 million internet users in the United States have already identified the links in their emails to phishing scams. An astounding number of 1. 7 million people have already fallen prey to these phishing attacks and have been tricked into submitting their personal information. According to R James, â€Å"With various experts extolling proprietary additions or collaborative improvements to core message delivery protocols such as SMTP, organizations may feel that they must wait for third-party fixes to become available before finding a solution to Phishing. While the security failures within SMTP are indeed a popular exploit vector for Phishers, there are an increasingly array of communication channels available for malicious message delivery. † With time, the concept of Phishing has increased by many folds and now Phishers are luring the victims by a variety of ways to divulge their personal as well as financial information. Fake websites, installation of Trojan horse key-loggers and screen captures, and man-in-the-middle data proxies are some of these tools used by Phishers. These websites also include job sites and even lucrative job offers. People who are looking for huge amounts money on the internet within a short span of time, are the ones who are lured easily on these websites. These users open up a bank accounts and use this bank account to receive money and then transferring this money to their own personal bank accounts. These websites actually lure the victims by making them perform a number of safe looking actions that ultimately provides access to the user’s personal account information. Most of the communication channels that are most popularly used on the interne such as email, landing pages, IRC, messaging systems, are also used freely for the purpose of Phishing. In these cases, the phisher has to imitate a faithful source for the victim to believe. Till date the most successful of the phishing scams have been done with the help of emails. In these scams the Phisher copies some sending authority (e. g. spoofing the source email address and embedding appropriate corporate logos). For example, an internet user recives an email from an email address like support@bank. com and the email contains the subject line â€Å" security update† and contains a request as to validate their personal account information in order to stop a security threat that has been initiated on their account. After reading this emails, over 70% of the internet users would be willing to send their personal account information in order to get verified by contacting the email sender and requesting them to cancel the order or the transaction. After this the phisher now asks them to divulge their personal information and thus easily lures the victim into his trap. Countering the Threat As already stated above there are a number of phishing methods that can be used by the Phishing community. To combat these threats, there are a mix of information security technologies and techniques that are available for the internet users in order to safeguard their personal data from Phishing scams. For the best results and safety, these safety measures should be put onto the three logical layers of the system in question.

Discrimination lawsuit. Why jury decision making emotional damages Essay

Discrimination lawsuit Introduction Presenting evidence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In court proceedings, evidence is presented as either oral or written depending on the choice of the witness. In addition, the means of giving evidence may be determined by the court or the jury in charge under various considerations. Both oral and written evidence have the same purpose and can be used as the basis of court ruling (Edwards et al., 2011). In this situation where as a human resource I will be required to provide evidence of a discrimination lawsuit, the written method of evidence presentation will be the most appropriate to answer the questions from the Jury.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The method of written presentation will allow adequate time to prepare and present my part of evidence and with adequate in formations. Since the presentation of evidence requires information detailing the truth about the matter and the organizations position on the case and the policy that were under consideration, the written evidence would help me to consult with other legal experts and answer questions accordingly. Oral evidence would prevent consultations that might result in inaccurate evidence that will be used to give unfair rulings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, written evidence will save a lot of time that could have been used to present the oral presentation in the court. In addition, any inconveniences would such as absenteeism in work place and productivity of the firm will be avoided (Edwards et al., 2011). Hence, written evidence will ensure that the operations of the business are not affected in any way. Moreover, it will reduce the cost incurred during the lawsuit proceedings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finally, written evidence presents a proof that the information communicated is true and cannot be changes. This ensures that the evidence is not compromised since is always read and presented to court as the original copy of evidence. This is in contrast to oral presentation where evidence may be changed where one may be questioned more than once hence compromising the evidence, which may affect the reliability of the evidence. Jury decision making emotional damages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Jury would rely on information from psychiatrists and medical experts who would evaluate the damages that the plaintiff suffered as a result of discriminations. This would involve psychological and mental problems that may have arose because of the discrimination (Edwards et al., 2011). Stress would be one of the conditions that may be evaluated and whether there were medical complications that resulted from the discriminatory acts. In addition, the information about the pain suffered because of discrimination would be evaluated on medical basis. These sufferings could then be compared with any financial implications suffered.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition, information regarding how the working and the productivity of the plaintiff was affected could be used to determine the level of the effects of emotional damages and thus form the basis of monetary compensation. For example, if in any case the discrimination resulted in decreased productivity of the plaintiff, which reduced the financial income of the income would form the basis of monetary compensation decision. Moreover, it could be evaluated based on how the act affected his or her defendant day-to-day life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Similar during the proceedings, the defence presents their argument on the amount of monetary compensation that should be awarded to the plaintiff (Edwards et al., 2011). Jury determine the compensatory amount that should be paid to the plaintiff depending on the information provided by the defence team. When the court uses this information as the basis of their compensatory decision, the court act in favour of the plaintiff and it may end up awarding huge sums of money, which may be unfair to the respondent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finally, the jury would use their freedom that is granted by the section of the law to determine the damage caused to the plaintiff and use the evidence presented to award monetary compensation. The decision could either be based on similar cases that were ruled in the past of depending on the reasoning of the bench. Reference Edwards, L., Edwards, J. S., & Wells, P. (2011). Tort Law. Cengage Learning. Source document