Life Insurance And Swot Analysis Commerce Essay

Life Insurance And Swot Analysis Commerce Essay Security has always been a universal desire, right from the earliest civilizations. This quest for security has been a major motivating force in the progress of mankind. The early societies looked up to their families for providing this security, which resulted in cohesive units. Gradually, as lifestyles changed and as man progressed into a more modern industrialized setup, this cohesive quality of the family started fading. One had to look for other ways of providing economic security and somewhere along the line was born à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬-insurance. The insurance landscape in India is in the process of tremendous change. Closed to foreign competition due to nationalization in 1956, the Indian insurance industry was run by the government for over 40 years through the life insurance corporation of India (LIC) and four general insurance companies that spanned the length and breadth of the country. In the last couple of years there are a few forces acting on the industry that have brought about significant changes in the behaviour of the industry trends. Moreover there have been significant changes in the service outlook with respect to insurance industry. From the opinion that it was an instrument intended to provide monetary support at the time of the death of an individual, life insurance life insurance grew up to be a major financial instrument during the past 50 years in our country. There has also been a change in the consumer outlook with regards to life insurance as very beneficiary financial tool as against the orthodox thinking of unfruitful use of money. In this highly competitive market where mere survival has become primary objective for companies, customer service holds a major place in business. Every insurance company delivers service as per the terms of contract, however there are very few companies that go beyond the contract and augment the customers. This requires a learned and trained staff i.e. the agents. The following findings throw light on the service perspective bringing out the fundamentals of service marketing and its determinants. The finding of the research widens the consumer understanding aspect and it would be very helpful to imbibe customization. The research studies the changing trends in life insurance and describes the latent potential and also gives a hypothesis on the future of the insurance industry based on the study of insurance sector and the expert opinion. Origin of Insurance We live in exciting times with changes and upheavals all around. New technologies, new inventions and changes in the economic and financial scenario, all have thrown up new insurance needs; needs never felt or heard before. This type of evolutionary process, in the last few decades, has given hope to new types of need-based insurance covers; public liability insurance, product liability insurance, indemnity for medical practitioners for negligence, indemnity for chartered accountants and auditors for professional lapses, etc. Further, covers are engineering insurance, erection insurance, loss of profit, cover against atomic radiation and space travel and contracting AIDS. Around 6000 years ago, Babylonians, whose home in the Tigris Euphrates valley lay at the crossroads of early world traffic, had developed business practices to a high degree. Babylon had become the clearinghouse of trade as all the important land trade routes converged in that territory. From Armenia in the north, China and India in the east, Egypt in the west, caravans came laden with merchandise. Though Babylon built up a great commercial system, and her people were the first to enjoy the fruits of political economy, their territory was surrounded by huge tracts of desert. Recorded evidences testify that ancient India was a prominent maritime power. There were busy seaports on the west coast at Broach, at Kaveripumpatnam in the south and Bang in the east. Traders expressed difficulties in realizing money for the goods sent abroad. Loans were advanced to traders at specified rates of interest depending on the risk run and the duration of time for which money was required. Men skilled in sea voyages worked out risk premium rates. The first Indian insurance company was the Bombay Mutual Assurance Society ltd., formed in 1870. This was followed by the Oriental life Assurance in 1874, the Bharat in 1896 and the Empire of India in 1897. Hindustan Cooperative was formed in Calcutta, the United India in Madras, The Bombay Life in Bombay, The National in Calcutta, The New India in Bombay, The Jupiter in Bombay and the Lakshmi in New Delhi. These were all Indian companies started as a result of the swadeshi movement in the early 1900s. By the year 1956, when the Life insurance business was nationalized and the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) was formed on 1st September 1956, there were 170 companies and 75 provident fund societies transacting life insurance business in India. After the amendment to the relevant laws in 1999, the LIC did not have the exclusive privilege of doing life insurance business in India. By 31st march 2002, eleven new insurance companies had been registered and began to transact life insurance business in India. Does one need insurance The business of insurance is related to protection of the economic values of the assets. Every asset is of some value and is expected to last for a certain period of time during which it will deliver that value. In case the asset is destroyed it ceases to provide the value to the owner thus leading to an unpleasant situation. Insurance is a mechanism to reduce the effect of such unpleasant situation. Human life is considered to be a value generating asset and is also subject to risks. Assets are insured because there if a possibility that perhaps they might get destroyed, through accidental occurrences. Such possible occurrences are called perils. If such perils can cause damage to the asset we say that the asset is exposed to risk. To be more prà ©cised Perils are the events and risks are the consequential losses or damages. The risk only means that there is a possibility of a loss or damage, the loss may or may not happen. Insurance is done against the contingency that it might ha ppen. Insurance is relevant only if there are uncertainties. If there is no uncertainty about the occurrence of an event, it cannot be insured against. In case of human beings death is certain; however the time of death is uncertain. Insurance doesnt protect the asset. It doesnt prevent the loss due to its peril. The perils can sometime be avoided by ensuring better safety and damage control management. Insurance only tries to reduce the impact of the risk on the owner of the asset and those who depend on that asset. Only economic consequences can be insured. If the loss is not financial, insurance may not be possible. Moreover insurance is backed up with many economic benefits which can be enlisted as follows. Life insurance provides financial security to the family in case of untimely or premature death. Life insurance is also a potent instrument for saving. Life insurance provides financial independence in old age. Organizations or individuals, who are in credit business, can ensure for themselves recovery of loan in case their debtor dies. A partnership firm can insure partners to the extent of capital invested by each in the business. Under à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬-key man insurance, an organization can insure the lives of their executives, whose expertise greatly contributes to their profits. Organizations can purchase group insurance policies as a part of their employee- welfare program. Life insurance also provides tax benefits to the holder. Life insurance policies create an estate. Life insurance policies also create thrift. I.e. a compulsory saving. A policy of life insurance can be used as a collateral security for procuring loans from the market. Working of life-Insurance Business There are three primary methods to avoid risk viz. A) AVOID B) REDUCE C) TRANSFER Insurance deals with transfer of risk from the consumer to the provider. Insurance works on a fundamental principle of pooling of risk. People who are exposed to the same risk come together and agree that, if any one of them suffers a loss, the others will share the loss and make good the person who has suffered the loss. The manner in which the loss is to be shared can be determined beforehand. It may be proportional to the risk that each person is exposed to. This would be indicative of the benefit he would receive if the peril befell him. Insurance companies collect the share in the form of premiums and create a fund from which losses are paid; this fund is known as the life fund. The insurance company pays the losses to the members of that group. The insurance company also invests the funds in governmental and private organizations. Ex. LIC has lent a capital of Rs.215million to NABARD for its rural financing activities. Life Insurance Marketing Triangle The above diagram explains the services triangle with its three constituents, namely, the company, the provider and the consumer. Each of them have been explained as follows:- The Company The Company makes various promises to its customers through external marketing. The way and means of marketing will be covered it the marketing mix. The Provider The agents and the development officers act as the front-line staff and they are in direct contact with the potential or existing customers. They are the ones who keep or satisfy the promises made by the company. The marketing of insurance basically comes under concept selling. The agents are thus given various incentives, rewards, commissions and all the necessary training required. As regards incentive, they receive PLI (Productivity Linked Incentive), which is based on the increase in premium amount and the sums assured by the agent. They are also given extra commissions in case of policies, which are of high value. There are normal promotions for any good work done on a regular basis. The agents generally work under the training and guidance of their respective development officers. The Consumers The consumers are the policyholders. Apart from the routine life insurance policies other services like housing finance, mutual funds, pension and group insurance. Thus the range of consumers is far and wide Life insurance mix The identification of the seven Ps of marketing mix helps a firm to form better marketing strategies and also to serve the customers in a more efficient manner. Product Mix The best way to get and keep customers is to constantly figure out how to give them more for less. A product mix is the set of all products and items that a particular seller offers for sale. In case of insurance sector, the product mix comprises of Life and Non life insurance policies that are offered to the customer by the company. A companys product mix has certain width, length, depth and consistency. The length of a product mix refers to the total number of items in the mix. In case of insurance sector, the following is the length of product mix: Whole Life Policy Limited Payment Life Convertible Whole Life Policy Joint Life Endowment Policy Double Endowment Policy Jeevan Saathi Money Back Policy Annuity Plans Group Insurance Policy Bima Sandesh With or Without Profit Policy The depth of a product mix refers to how many variants are offered of each product in the line in the insurance sector, one policy can be made available in different variations. Some of the examples are as follows: WHOLE LIFE SCHEMES Whole life policy whole life Limited payment whole life Single Premium With profit policy These product mix dimensions permit the company to expand its business. E.g.: It can add new product lines thus widening its product mix. Product Differentiation Product differentiation may be referred to as the points or the qualities that a firm has in its product, which makes the product different from its competitors product. The product differentiation as far as the insurance sector and LIC in particular is concerned are as follows- Bonus- insurance companies issue bonus to their policyholders when they make a substantial amount of profit. If a company issues a high amount of bonus, it delights the customer and creates a good image in the eyes of the customer. Past records- the differentiation can be done on the basis of past records. Customers choose to take policy from that company which has well past records in terms of claim settling periods, premium collection intervals etc. Market reputation- a company with a good market reputation and goodwill is perceived to deliver the best of the service quality and customer satisfaction. Technology- technology plays an important part in product differentiation. For e.g.: LIC was the first company in the insurance sector to introduce use of I.T and Computers. This makes customers feel that the company is not lagging behind the world and is capable of making the full use of technology to satisfy the customers. Feedback- feedback from customers also is an important tool with which product of the company can be differentiated. If effective steps are been taken on the feedback of the customers, it leaves a long lasting impression on the minds of the customers. Price- if a particular company charges more for the same product as compared to their competitors, it may lose the customers and vice versa. Price Mix Price is one element in the marketing mix that produces revenue; all the other elements produce costs. Prices are easiest marketing mix elements to adjust; product features, channels and even promotion take more time. Price also communicates to the market the companys intended value positioning of its product or brand. In the insurance sector, every company has to deposit an initial fixed capital of about Rest. 100 crore with Insurance Regulatory Development Authority, which is considered as the apex body of Insurance sector. The company gets periodic interest on this amount. With this interest amount, the company pays for the recruitment, training and development of the agents. The price in case of insurance sector refers to the premium charged on the policy. The Tariff advisory committee fixes the price for each policy. Hence all insurance companies have to charge approximately similar premium on similar policies. However, different elements affect the rate of premium to be charged on each policy. The price for the same policy is different for different companies. The company must set its price in relation to the value delivered and perceived by the customer. If, the price is higher than the value received, the customer will not be willing to pay so high and the company will lose potential profits. If the price is less than the value received then, the company will fail to receive the profit that it deserves for providing a good service. BLUE PRINTING SEVICE MAPPING The blue printing show what the product should look like a details the specification to which it should conform. In contrast to the physical architecture of building, ship, or piece of equipment service process have a largely intangible structure. The process of logistics, industrial engineering, decision theory, and computer system analysis each of which employs blue print techniques to describe processes involving flow, sequences, relationship and dependencies. Sectorial study Insurance is suddenly gaining all the attention and what used to be a strange would in it is a household name, thanks to opening up of the industry, while there are several reasons for opening up of insurance sector the foreign investors are eyeing it as a very lucrative prospect. After the opening up, several private insurers have started operating in life insurance, especially in metro areas. New marketing channels like Banc assurance, brokers, etc. are also in the offing. KEY MARKET INDICATORS.Size of market life non-life $16 billion Total Global insurance premium (as on 2001) $2408.25 billion(-1.5% as against 2000) Rate of annual growth 2002-03 Life- 11.27% Non-life- 23% Geographical restriction for new players None. Players can operate all over the country. Registration restriction Composite registration not available. Equity restriction in the new Indian insurance company Foreign investor can hold up to 26% of the equity. Number of registered companies. Public sector 01 Private sector 13 Comparison of similar policy of competition Company Policy Min/Max entry age Minimum Premium Min sum assured Liquidity years Maturity benefits LIC Money back with Profit 13/50 Rs. 3186 yearly Rs. 50000 5,10,15,20 40% of sum assured + bonuses ICICI Prudential Cashbook 16/55 Rs. 6000 yearly Rs. 75000 4,8,12,16,20 50% of sum assured + bonuses Bajaj Allianz Cash Gain 14/50 Rs. 5000 yearly Rs. 50000 4,8,12,16,20 125% of sum assured + bonuses Life insurers in India As an answer to globalization of economy and the increasing pressure of the WTO regulations, the govt. appointed the Malhotra Committee. After considering all aspects, the government ultimately enacted Insurance Regulatory and development authority and vested the authority to formulate regulations for insurance industry. IRDA and the LIC allowed the entry of foreign investors on a condition that they enter in collaboration with a local company. Public sector Private sector Life Insurance Corporation of India(LIC) 1. Allianz Bajaj life insurance Company limited. 2. Birla sun life insurance Company limited. 3. HDFC standard life insurance company limited. 4. ICICI Prudential life insurance Company limited. 5. Reliance life insurance Company limited. 6. ING visa life insurance Company limited. 7. Max New York life insurance Company limited. 8. MetLife insurance company limited. 9. Om Kodak Mahindra life insurance co. ltd. 10. SBI insurance company limited 11. TATA-AIG life insurance Company limited. 12. AMP-Samar Assurance Company limited. 13. Aviva Life insurance company limited Life Insurance Players in India 1. Yr.: 1947-2000: (From 1947 to 1st April 2000) First life insurance company (LIC) set by Indian government in 1956. This is public company. 2. Yr.: 2000-2001: (From 2nd April 2000 to 31st December2001) Insurance Industry in the year 2000-2001 had 10 new entrants, namely: Synod. Registration Number Date of Reg. Name of the Company 1 101 23.10.2000 HDFC Standard Life Insurance Company Ltd. 2 104 15.11.2000 Max New York Life Insurance Co. Ltd. 3 105 24.11.2000 ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Company Ltd. 4 107 10.01.2001 KodakHYPERLINK http://www.omkotakmahindra.com/Mahindra Old Mutual Life Insurance Limited 5 109 31.01.2001 Birla Sun Life Insurance Company Ltd. 6 110 12.02.2001 Tata AIG Life Insurance Company Ltd. 7 111 30.03.2001 SBI Life Insurance Company Limited. 8 114 02.08.2001 ING HYPERLINK http://www.ingvysyalife.com/Visa Life Insurance Company Private Limited 9 116 03.08.2001 Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance Company Limited 10 117 06.08.2001 MetLifeHYPERLINK http://www.metlife.co.in/India Insurance Company Pvt. Ltd. 3. Yr: 2001-2002: (From 1st Jan 2001 to Dec. 2002) Insurance Industry in this year, so far  has 5 new entrants; namely S.No. Registration Number Date of Reg. Name of the Company 1 121 03.01.2002 AMP HYPERLINK http://www.ampsanmar.com/Samar Life Insurance Company Limited. 2 122 14.05.2002 Aviva Life Insurance Co. India Pvt. Ltd. 4. Yr: 2003-2004: (From 1st Jan 2003 till Date) Insurance Industry in this year, so far  has 1new entrants; namely S.No. Registration Number Date of Reg. Name of the Company 1 127 06.02.2004 Sahara India Insurance Company Ltd. Performance of the Industry Post-Privatization, the life insurance industry grows by leaps and bounds. The attitude of people towards life insurance itself is changing. People are becoming more and more aware of the advantages of the Life insurance policies. Generally performance in life is measured in terms of first year premium collection and no. of lives covered. In 2003-04 Life Industry grew by 10.5% in terms of first year premium. It is showing steady growth rate in the current financial year as well. The sector witnessed a growth of over 50% for the month of April 2004, vis-à  -vis April 2003. The premium in comparison, LIC underwrote premium of Rs.72, 304.62 lakh i.e., a market share of 82.33%. In terms of policies Underwritten, the market share of the private players was 17.88% as against 82.17% of LIC. The premium underwritten by the private players for individual policies stood at Rs.12, 107.63 lakh, towards 89,918 policies with group premium accounting for Rs.3, 411.30 lakh towards 84 schemes. The n umber of lives covered under group schemes was 1, 01,392. ICICI Prudential continued to lead amongst the private players with premium at 6.15% and policies at 4.85%. In terms of number of lives covered, OM Kodak led with 21,325 lives viz., 5.83% of the total lives covered. Premium underwritten by LIC under Varishtha Bima Yojana during the month of April, 2004 was Rs.26, 734.25 lakh towards 13899 policies of which 29.60%, in terms of both premium and policies, was underwritten in the rural sector. From the opinion that it was an instrument intended to provide monetary support at the time of the death of an individual, life insurance life insurance grew up to be a major financial instrument during the past 50 years in our country. There has also been a change in the consumer outlook with regards to life insurance as very beneficiary financial tool as against the orthodox thinking of unfruitful use of money. Increasing number of people has been opting for it. The number of policies issued by the LIC of India since 1995-96 is a clear indication of the popularity gained by life insurance. Competitors on life insurance Year. No. of policies (total) No. of policies (rural) 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2002-2003 1.10 core 1.23 crore 1.33 crore 1.48 crore 1.70 crore 2.42 crore 52.57 lacs. 60.33 lacs. 68.40 lacs. 81.23 lacs. 97.04 lacs. 45.23 lacs. Form the above table it is eminent that the importance of life insurance has grown gradually over a period of time not only in metro areas but also in rural areas. As there has been a dramatic increase in the importance of life insurance, the number of policies issued per annum has also increased, thus leading to a great change in the total premium amount collected. The total amount mobilized by LIC during the past few yearsstands witness to the growing importance of insurance. (Rs. In Cores) Total amount mobilized 1998-99 2002-03 Total premium income from investments Rs.22,805.80 Rs. 13,183.92 Rs.54602.37 Rs.25030.50 Market share of private player Characteristics of Insurance sector as oligopoly are as follows: 1. Presence of few sellers: After liberalization the no. of sellers increased from 1 to 13 as on date, like LIC, ICICI Prudential, HDFC Standard, Birla Sun life, Om Kodak, SBI Life, ING Visa, and MAX New York Life etc. 2. Regulator: IRDA (Insurance Regulatory Development Authority) regulates the Insurance industry. License to the new comer is granted by it only. All products, premiums, Tariffs require its approval. 3. Price Giver: Price of the policy i.e. premium is calculated by the actuaries of the respective companies depending upon the nature of risks covered, coverage of the policy and many other probability calculations. But premium as well as the product needs to be approved by IRDA. 4. Entry or Exit Barrier: There is no free entry into this sector as already outlined New entrants has to satisfy certain condition before entering into this industry. Exit is even tougher since all the contracts are long term so there are very strict regulations for exit from the industry by IRDA. 5. Product Differentiation: There are no homogenous products. There are wide varieties of products available in the market. Each seller can introduce Any new policy depending on the efficiency of its product development team within the broad guidelines of IRDA. 6. Advertisement: Sellers spend huge amount of their yearly budget on advertisement to educate the consumers about their products and their company. IRDA ensures that advertisement does not mislead people. The IRDA has made it mandatory that every advertisement carries the line; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Insurance is matter of solicitationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬- so that people know that they are reading an advertisement. 7. Investment Policy: Investment of life fund up to 75% in government securities is mandatory as per IRDA. 89% of the total surplus to be distributed to policyholder as bonus every year. 8. Market Share: Still the private sector companies are in nascent stage and major chunk of market pie is still owned by public sector giant (LIC). But private players are also competing very bravely. The influence of private players has created the following benefits: Benefits to customers: Reduction in the price of product under competitive market. More innovative products to be available in a competitive market. Improved management of investment portfolio. Improved quality of service due to use of IT and multi distribution channels. Benefits to Industry: New Insurers to earn high profit in the initial stages due to large size of Indian insurance market. Insurance intermediaries will include agents, Brokers, Independent Financial Consultants etc. The commission paid may exceed Rs.46000 Cores in a period of 10 yrs. annually. Advertising campaigns may reap benefits as an additional advt. market for Rs.10000 Cores will be opened in 10 yrs. directly related to the insurance sector. Computer industries will benefit. Placement services, management institutes training institutes will also be benefited as the insurance sector after opening up will require many people thus increasing the employment opportunities. PEST Analysis for Insurance services Political/ Legal Influences which have an impact on financial services and consumer confidence include the following:  · The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA): Reforms in the Insurance sector were initiated with the passage of the IRDA Bill in Parliament in December 1999. The IRDA since its incorporation as a statutory body in April 2000 has fastidiously stuck to its schedule of framing regulations and registering the private sector insurance companies. The other decision taken simultaneously to provide the supporting systems to the insurance sector and in particular the life insurance companies was the launch of the IRDAs online service for issue and renewal of licenses to agents. The approval of institutions for imparting training to agents has also ensured that the insurance companies would have a trained workforce of insurance agents in place to sell their products, which are expected to be introduced by early next year. The IRDA since its incorporation as a statutory body has been framing regulations and registering the private sector insurance companies. IRDA being an independent statutory body has put a framework of globally compatib le regulations. Privatization of Insurance sector: The introduction of private players in the industry has added to the colours in the dull industry. The initiatives taken by the private players are very competitive and have given immense competition to the one time monopoly of the market LIC. Since the advent of the private players in the market the industry has seen new and innovative steps taken by the players in this sector. The new players have improved the service quality of the insurance. As a result LIC down the years have seen the declining phase in its career. The market share was distributed among the private players. Though LIC still holds the 80% of the insurance sector but the upcoming natures of these private players are enough to give more competition to LIC in the near future.  · FDI in insurance sector: Then, the issue came of amount of FDI to be allowed by a foreign player in the insurance sector. The government had allowed the private players to have foreign equity up to just 26 %. Efforts are going on to raise this to 49 %. After the opening up of the sector, a total of 18 private sector companies have entered the life insurance business and all of them have entered with a foreign partner. Economic factors are key variables which have an impact on the activity in the financial services sector. The level of consumer activity is governed by income levels and personal wealth. As income levels grow, more discretionary income is available to spend on financial services. Consumer confidence in the economy and in job security also has a major impact; if lean times are foreseen ahead, savings will take priority over loans and other forms of expenditure. Consumers may also seek easy access savings and be willing to tie up their money for longer periods with potentially more attractive investments.  · Indian economy growth projections: By 2025 the Indian economy is projected to be about 60 per cent the size of the US economy. The transformation into a tri-polar economy will be complete by 2035, with the Indian economy only a little smaller than the US economy but larger than that of Western Europe. By 2035, India is likely to be a larger growth driver than the six largest countries in the EU, though its impact will be a little over half that of the US. India, which is now the fourth largest economy in terms of purchasing power parity, will overtake Japan and become third major economic power within 10 years. All these facts or forecasts only drive at one point. India is

Big Business Dbq

Ryan Burgett Document A Source: Historical Statistics of the United States. Document Information †¢ Food prices declined significantly between 1870 and 1899. †¢ Fuel and lighting prices declined significantly between 1870 and 1899. †¢ Cost of living declined slightly between 1870 and 1899. Document Inferences †¢ Improved agricultural innovations led to reduced food prices. †¢ Mining and lighting innovations reduced prices for fuel and lighting. †¢ Falling prices for agricultural goods led to discontent among farmers. †¢ Mass production resulted in a decline in the cost of living. Electric lighting allowed for 24-hour production, night shifts and possibly longer hours. Potential Outside Information Consolidation Coxey’s Army Economies of scale Edison, Thomas (incandescent lightbulb) Farmers’ Alliances (Northern, Southern, Colored) â€Å"Farmers should raise less corn and more hell† Lease, Mary Elizabeth Sub-Treasury plan Document B Source: George E. McNeill, labor leader, The Labor Movement: The Problem of Today, 1887. Document Information †¢ Railroad presidents are similar to kings. †¢ Railroad presidents can discharge workers without cause and withhold wages. Railroad presidents can delay lawsuits. †¢ Railroad presidents control both the government and the people. †¢ Railroad presidents controlled freight prices and monopolized food and fuel industries. †¢ Railroad presidents corrupt communities and control the press. Document Inferences †¢ The financial clout of railroads leaves employees helpless. †¢ Railroad labor and farm unrest is likely. †¢ Railroads dictate government policy. †¢ The Senate is controlled by wealthy interests because senators are not popularly elected. †¢ The legal system favors railroad interests. Potential Outside Information Blacklisting Munn v.Illinois Credit Mobilier scandal National Labor Union Fisk, Jim Patrons of Husbandry (Gr ange) Government ownership of railroads Railway Strikes of 1877 Gould, Jay Sylvis, William Granger laws United States v. E. C. Knight Interstate Commerce Act Vanderbilt, Cornelius Kelley, Oliver Hudson Wabash v. Illinois Long-haul/short-haul differentials yellow dog contracts AP ® Document C Source: David A. Wells, engineer and economist, Recent Economic Changes and Their Effect on the Document Information †¢ Workers no longer work independently but as if they were part of a military organization. Workers are taught to perform one simple task. †¢ Manufacturing has largely taken away workers’ pride in their work. Document Inferences †¢ Mass production techniques led to specialization of labor. †¢ Specialization of labor decreases workers’ pride in their craft. †¢ Specialization of labor leaves workers largely unskilled. †¢ Unskilled labor is relatively easy to replace. Potential Outside Information Specialization of labor Sweatshops Unski lled/skilled labor Document D Source: Joseph Keppler, â€Å"The Bosses of the Senate,† Puck, January 23, 1889. Document Information †¢ Shows trusts as oversized. Shows public entrance to the Senate closed. †¢ Shows monopolists lined up at monopolists’ entrance. †¢ Shows some senators looking back toward the trusts. †¢ Shows sign saying â€Å"This is a Senate of the monopolists by the monopolists and for the monopolists. † Document Inferences †¢ The Senate (government) is controlled by big business. †¢ People have no control over the Senate because senators are not directly elected. †¢ Monopolists (trusts) are wealthy and powerful. †¢ Trusts control a great many industries. Potential Outside Information Billion Dollar Congress Bland-Allison ActCivil Service (Pendleton) Act Crime of ’73 Dingley Tariff Direct election of senators (Populist platform, not Seventeenth Amendment) Gold Standard Act/Currency Act of 1900 Inte rstate Commerce Commission McKinley Tariff Monopolies Nast, Thomas Reed, Thomas Sherman Antitrust Act Sherman Silver Purchase Act Wilson-Gorman Tariff Document E Source: Andrew Carnegie, â€Å"Wealth,† North American Review, June 1889. Document Information †¢ Wealthy people should lead a modest, unpretentious existence. †¢ Surplus revenues are to be used as a trust fund for what the wealthy see as community good. The wealthy are trustees for the poor. †¢ The judgment of the wealthy will lead to better decisions than the poor would make for themselves. †¢ Philanthropy justifies business owners’ wealth. Document Inferences †¢ Some business leaders believed in charity. †¢ The wealthy saw themselves as superior to the masses. †¢ Social obligation is a responsibility that comes with wealth. Potential Outside Information Carnegie libraries Carnegie Steel Corporation Gospel of Wealth â€Å"He who dies rich dies disgraced† Homestead St rike Social Darwinism Social Gospel Veblen, Thorstein, Theory of the Leisure ClassVertical integration Document F Source: â€Å"People’s Party Platform,† Omaha Morning World-Herald, July 5, 1892. Document Information †¢ Seeks to restore government to plain people. †¢ Power of the people (government) should be expanded. †¢ Seeks to end oppression, injustice, and poverty. Document Inferences †¢ The Populist Party was dedicated to political and social reform. †¢ Government should be strengthened and made more responsible to the people. †¢ The Populist Party nominated its own presidential candidate in 1892. Potential Outside Information Bryan, William Jennings Cross of Gold speechDirect election of senators (Populist platform, not Seventeenth Amendment) Farmers’ Alliances (Northern, Southern, Colored) Free and unlimited coinage of silver Government ownership of railroads (utilities) Income tax Initiative Lease, Mary Elizabeth Ocala Dema nds Omaha Platform Populist Party Referendum Sub- Treasury Plan Weaver, James B. Document G Source: Samuel Gompers, What Does Labor Want? , an address before the International Labor Congress in Chicago, August 28, 1893. Document Information †¢ People should not be considered property. †¢ Labor seeks shorter hours. Shorter labor hours will reduce jail and almshouse populations. †¢ Labor insists on the right to organize. †¢ Negligence or maliciousness should not leave the worker without recourse. †¢ Labor insists on adequate wages. Document Inferences †¢ Mass production techniques are dehumanizing. †¢ Bread-and-butter unionism grew with the trade union movement (shorter hours, better working conditions, increased wages). †¢ Workers’ compensation laws should be passed. †¢ Labor unions must organize to protect the interests of workers. †¢ Companies can and should help out communities by reducing unemployment ranks.Potential Outsid e Information American Federation of Labor Powderly, Terence bread-and-butter unionism Stephens, Uriah Knights of Labor Sylvis, William National Labor Union workers’ compensation Document H Document Information †¢ Says he is a victim of Rockefeller’s combination. †¢ Says Standard Oil offered the same quality of oil for one to three cents less than he could. †¢ Says he found railroads were in league with Rockefeller and charged discriminatory rates. Document Inferences †¢ Monopolists used ruthless tactics to put competitors out of business. Railroads gave big businesses rebates/kickbacks that helped them undercut their competition. †¢ Government must protect small businesses against unfair business practices. Potential Outside Information American Beauty Rose Theory Horizontal integration â€Å"just windward of the law† Long-haul/short-haul differentials Rebates/kickbacks Rockefeller, John D. Document I Source: Theodore Dreiser, Sister Ca rrie, a novel, 1900. Document Information †¢ Department stores were among the most efficient retail organizations. †¢ Department stores were appealing, with swarms of patrons. †¢ Carrie was much affected by the display of goods. The displays affected Carrie personally. Document Inferences †¢ Urban glamour drew rural people to the city. †¢ Improved urban transportation led to the development of department stores. †¢ Displays and advertising blurred the distinction between wants and needs. †¢ Consolidation in retail industry offered increased availability of consumer goods to society. Potential Outside Information Electric trolleys Macy’s Wanamaker’s (department store) Woolworth’s Great Five Cent Store YMCA YWCA Document J Source: Female typists, circa 1902. Courtesy of Library of Congress # LC-D4-42930Document Information †¢ Shows women typists in a large room. †¢ Shows women all dressed similarly. †¢ Shows the pr esence of electric lighting. Document Inferences †¢ Inventions like the typewriter and telephone increased employment for native-born, white women. †¢ There was sameness about working in a mass production environment. †¢ Industrialization created employment opportunities that often discriminated according to gender and race. Potential Outside Information Sholes, Christopher (invention of the typewriter) Sweatshops Taylor, Frederick Taylorism (scientific management) YWCA

Coca Cola Cost Analysis Essay - 3252 Words

COCA COLA COMPANY Research Project For ACC 412 Presented to: Overview of Coca-Cola Leading the beverage industry for the third consecutive year, Coca-Cola, a common household name known around the world, climbs to the 4th spot in Fortunes 50 Most Admired Companies in the world for year 2012. When it comes to a refreshing cold soda, who does not know of Coca-Cola? The company was established in 1886 in Atlanta, Georgia at the Jacobs Pharmacy soda fountain by pharmacist John Pemberton. In its humble beginning, a glass of this drink costed only five cents and only 9 glasses of Coca-Cola were sold each day. Since then, Coca-Cola has grown to be a multi-billion dollar company. Employing approximately 139,600†¦show more content†¦High-Low Method: The highest revenue is $12,737,000, and the lowest is $6,103,000. The highest GDP is $ 15,321,000, and the lowest is $13,759,000. From the y = mx + b formula (where y is Revenue and x is GDP), we have m = 4.247 and b = -52,331,287. Projection of Sales Revenue Equation: Revenue = 4.247 * GDP - 52,331,287 According to th e High-Low method, sales revenue and GDP has a positive relationship. This translates to revenue is increased when GDP is increased. For every dollar increase in GDP, sales revenue will increase by 4.247 dollars. 2. Simple Linear Regression Equation: Projection of Sales Revenue Equation: Revenue = 3.3679 * GDP - (3.978*107) The relationship between sales revenue and GDP is also positive: For each additional GDP in the country, the amount of sales revenue increases 3.3679 dollars. In other words, as GDP increases, the spending in the country also increases which results in the increase of sales revenue. Next we examine the relationship between sales revenue and real interest rate: Revenue = (4.169*107) – 2,791,339 * real interestShow MoreRelatedBargaining Power Of Buyer : Coca Cola724 Words   |  3 PagesBargaining Power of buyer: (Low) †¢ The individual buyer has no pressure on Coca-Cola (Porter’s Five Forces In Action: Sample Analysis of Coca-Cola). †¢ Large retailers have bargaining power because of the large order quantity. Consumer brand loyalty lessens the bargaining power (Porter’s Five Forces In Action: Sample Analysis of Coca-Cola). Bargaining Power of Supplier: (Low) †¢ The main ingredients for soft drink include carbonated water, phosphoric acid, sweetener, and caffeine. The suppliers areRead MoreCommon Size And Percentage Change Analysis1667 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Common-size Income Statement Analysis The common-size income statement shows that Coca-Cola’s cost of goods sold to revenues percentage rose very slightly from 39.14% in 2011 to 39.32% in 2013. 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These are becoming very unpopular because ofRead MoreEssay about The Coca-Cola Company1076 Words   |  5 PagesIndustry General Description The Coca-Cola Company - American multinational corporation operates in a nonalcoholic segment of Beverage Industry. The history of the industry goes back to the 17th century, when the first marketed soft drink came to the Western Market. The Beverage Industry product portfolio consists of soft drinks, carbonated beverages, and alcoholic beverages. Kinds of drinks in a non-alcoholic segment varies a lot and includes such beverages as tea, coffee, juices, carbonated drinksRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Coca Cola Company1249 Words   |  5 PagesEvaluation Paper Esteban D. Romero PHL/320 March 23, 2016 Dr. David Aiken Company Overview The Coca-Cola Company is a leading giant in the soft drink manufacturing industry. 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Using the tools for financial analysis and the information given I will determine the winner of that battle for 2005 at least fromRead MoreCoca Cola Comprehensive Marketing Plan930 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: COCA-COLA COMPREHENSIVE MARKETING PLAN 1 COCA-COLA COMPREHENSIVE MARKETING PLAN 2 Coca-Cola Comprehensive Marketing Plan Hieu Le Columbia Southern University Coca-Cola Comprehensive Marketing Plan Industry Analysis Coca- Cola is a world largest soft drinks company, which holds approximate 62 percent of the market share. The firm owns most popular brands like Coke, Sprite, Dr. Pepper, and Fants. Additionally, Coca-Cola has added other exotic brands include Powerade and DasaniRead MorePorter s Five Forces Model Essay1602 Words   |  7 Pagespaper will analyze the Cola Wars case study based on the PFF model, and the primary components of soft drink industry. At the end of this paper, some recommendations will be given to Coca-Cola company to enhance its position in the market. 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Life Of Marilyn Monroe - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 527 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/08/02 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: Marilyn Monroe Essay Did you like this example? Marilyn Monroe was born Norma Jeane Mortenson on June 1, 1926 in the city of Los Angeles, CA. Her mother, Gladys was mentally unstable. Gladys was married to Martin Mortenson in 1924, but they separated in 1925 before Gladys became pregnant with Norma Jeane. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Life Of Marilyn Monroe" essay for you Create order Norma Jeanes fathers identity is still unknown. Gladys put Norma into foster care, where she stayed until she was 7. Gladys bought a house in 1933 and took Norma to live with her, but then had a series of mental crises. Gladyss best friend, Grace, was appointed guardianship of Norma. After two years, Grace married and sent Norma to Los Angeles Orphan Home. Norma stayed in a series of foster homes before returning to live with Grace and her husband Doc. Upon her return, Doc allegedly tried to sexually assault Norma and she was sent away again. This time, Grace sent her to live with her aunt, Ana Lower. Unfortunately, Anas health was not well enough for Norma to stay with her, so Norma was forced to return to Grace and Doc in 1942. Grace and Doc moved soon after, but left Norma behind. During this time, Norma began a relationship with her neighbor, Jim Dougherty. After Grace and Doc moved, 16 year-old Norma Jeane married 21 year-old James. Two years after they were married, James was sent on an overseas assignment while Norma stayed in Los Angeles. In 1946, he returned to find his wife pursuing a modeling/acting career, now donning the name Marilyn Monroe. Monroe no longer saw James as part of her future and the couple divorced. When asked about her marriage, Marilyn said, My marriage didnt make me sad, but it didnt make me happy either. My husband and I hardly spoke to each other. This wasnt because we were angry. We had nothing to say. I was dying of boredom. Monroes rise to fame began when she caught the eye of 20th Century Fox executive, Ben Lyon. Monroe met Lyon while modeling, and shortly after he offered her a 6 month contract. Lyon is the one who gave her the screen name Marilyn Monroe. Soon after signing with Lyon, Monroe began to appear in many Hollywood films and starring with some of Hollywoods biggest actors. As she rose to fame she met many stars, including Joe DiMaggio, whom she would later marry. Monroes second marriage was a short one. She married Joe DiMaggio in San Francisco City Hall in 1954. The marriage on ly lasted 9 months. Monroes attorney claimed it was a conflict in careers. Monroe, however, claimed DiMaggio was indifferent and moody. DiMaggio wrote letters to Monroe after she filed for divorce saying, I love you and want to be with you. Monroes third and final marriage was to a man named Arthur Miller. Arthur and Marilyn married during a 1956 civil ceremony in White Plains, New York. Marilyn and Arthurs marriage was not all sunshine and rainbows; During the five years Marilyn and Arthur were married, she experienced two miscarriages. It has been speculated that this is what caused Monroe to become more dependant upon drugs and depressed. The marriage ended when Miller left Monroe for a photographer he met on the set of a movie called The Misfits.

The Moving Role of Buddhism in the United States - 1184 Words

For more than a hundred of years, Buddhism has played a moving role in the United States. At first, the teachings of Buddhism were quietly practiced among Chinese and Japanese immigrants on the west coast, but it quickly became a thriving religion in the United States performed by millions. These ambitious supporters have produced millions of books, magazines, television shows, and even movies. Different volumes on â€Å"The Art of Zen† are shelved in bookstores, [. The] the Dalai Lama has been characterized in Hollywood movies, and [the] civilian’s new fascination in Buddhist [Buddhism] has published in the NY Times magazine. [New Paragraph] This religion originally [, which originated] from India [,] has appeared in social movements, and sports across the country, [.] and Buddhist studies are taught in universities from Portland, Maine to Honolulu, Hawaii. This American version of Buddhism has been adapted and publicized for the wrong reasons by millions of Americans. Instead of focusing on the religion and its teachings, Americans have patented its spiritual essence. Fashion industries have printed the famous elephant, one of Buddha Shakyamuni’s previous incarnations, [and] rock bands are named after the Buddhism term Nirvana, [. There are also] and nightclub bars are named ‘Buddha’. However, there are small instances when Buddhism is used correctly. One type of Buddhism has been majorly focused on. This type is called Zen Buddhism. The instance in which Buddhism is usedShow MoreRelatedThe Cultural Aspects Of Culture995 Words   |  4 Pagesoriginate when people that live close get together share their belief systems and can distinguish right from wrong. When a religion is created the cultural rules get included in the religious rules. For example, in Buddhism, nuns have way more rules that have to be followed than the priests. Buddhism is native to India, and women in India are ruled and taken care of by the men. 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In 2010 that included 7.2 million800 Words   |  4 Pagesincluded 7.2 million people of Asian descent (Department of Labor, 2010) who moved to America to make a living for themselves and their family. Among these moving to American are the people of Vietnam. Always remembered for the violent Vietnam war, Vietnam was once called home to many of these immigrants who have come to the United States in hopes of a better life However, finding employment can often be a challenge for these people who face learning a new language and culture to name a few. Read MoreConsequence of Religious Tolerance/Intolorance2553 Words   |  11 Pagesweekly column writes, it is well known that those who think about their own religion often work hard to establish what they believe to be the correct interpretation for the time in which they live. Another thing to take into consideration before moving on to the next definition is behavior. Behaviors of religion according to David Barrette could include rituals, meditation, and prayer, much of this list is learned after joining a particular religion, and again these all in turn become a way ofRead MoreJamaica: Land of Inspiration 858 Words   |  4 Pagesmany types of people coming to Jamaica, religion was heavily influenced. Rastafarianism is practiced through out Jamaica. It is a mixture of social and religious beliefs. A large number of Jamaicans are Christian. Other religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam are also practiced (Witherbee). Famous Citizens The most famous and influential Jamaican is Bob Marley, who was a reggae star. His career started when he was the lead singer in a vocal trio called The Wailers. The Wailers music was

Hobbes and Rawls on Justice Free Essays

Hobbes and Rawls are essentially both Social Contract theory advocates. Since Rawls came later than Hobbes, it is no surprise that his ideas are a bit similar with those of Hobbes and other social contract theorists. However, the similarities are few and the differences in their ideas as a whole are vast. We will write a custom essay sample on Hobbes and Rawls on Justice or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hobbes writes in his Leviathan that before the establishment of the government or any ruling body, man was in a state of nature. Since no one’s ruling over everyone, the state of nature could essentially be a form of anarchy. In this state of nature, every individual has a natural right to do anything for his sake. For example, if someone wants an object belonging to another, there is nothing wrong if that person takes it; if a person wants to use someone’s body, he can do so without thinking of the harm he does to the person. Thus, everything immoral we think of today is valid in that state of nature. There is no justice in such a state since justice only exists when there is some form of law that covers everyone and which everyone abides by. This is where Hobbes’ two laws of nature comes in. The first is that all individuals should seek peace because otherwise, the only alternative is war. The second is that everyone should give up certain rights to be able to attain that peace. And for this law to to work, everyone in society should agree to it. Rawls, on the other hand, uses the term original position instead of the state of nature. In the original position, there is also no government, and the individuals are behind a veil of ignorance wherein they have no idea of themselves, their preferences and their position in society, unlike the people in Hobbes state of nature. Since Rawls also believes that each individual acts on self-interest, being behind such a veil while forming the social contract that will rule over them will help keep the contract from being beneficial for only the minority. After all, the social contract will affect all in every way and thus, the individuals will design it in a manner so as not to risk placing themselves in an unfortunate position. Rawls say that they would then base their design on the maximin rule, summarize as each individual would choose a state that is the least unfortunate of all for them. A cake illustration simplifies things. Two individuals who want cake would agree that one cuts the cake once while the other chooses first. This will automatically guarantee that the cake will be cut evenly since the cutter wouldn’t want to end up with a smaller piece. To generalize, Rawls comes up with two basic principles of justice. First is that each person should have equal right to every liberty, like political liberty, freedom to hold property and speech, etc., as does everyone else, at the same time. The second is that inequalities, like wealth distribution and/or status, in society are okay only if it helps the least fortunate people in society and that each individual have equal opportunity to access it   (Jedicke). To relate, natural justice dictates that man is inherently good, a man with good intent should not be harmed and that man should treat others as he wants to be treated. The positive laws, often in contrast with natural law, were then established to help guide society. Although the statement that man is inherently good contradicts Hobbes’ view of man in the natural state, the natural law made by the governing body is like the social contract that everyone agreed upon to abide by. Since everyone is abiding by it, they’ve agreed to sacrifice certain rights they had in the state of nature. It cannot be helped, though, that some would still not give up and disobey the natural law, therefore committing a crime. If this was to be allowed to happen without due consequence, then everyone would stop abiding by the law and the world would revert back to the state of nature. Thus, punishing those who commit crime is only just for everyone who is keeping the law, since it is injustice when one does not keep it. The present society under democracy is the nearest consequence of how the social contract should be under Rawls’ justice. In a democracy, everyone is given equal right and opportunity for every liberty, all at the same time. Everyone is given the right to have education, thus the presence of public schools, because this will entail, in the end, that people would have equal opportunities for jobs. Unfortunately, it certainly isn’t happening completely and probably won’t happen completely. After all, the established laws were made by individuals who weren’t influenced by the veil of ignorance. Thus, as they made the present laws, even given that they made it to represent the will of the people, there would still be an injustice in that there would always be the probability that the law made were for the good of a few. Presently, it is obvious that a fair amount of Hobbes’ philosophy, and of other people, on justice is present at the judicial proceedings and laws in many countries. Rawls’ may be on its way as many people, like politicians, are reading and being influenced by his work. Works Cited Kay, Charles D. â€Å"Justice as Fairness.† 1997. 22 September 2007 http://webs.wofford.edu/kaycd/ethics/justice.htm How to cite Hobbes and Rawls on Justice, Essay examples Hobbes and Rawls on Justice Free Essays Hobbes and Rawls are essentially both Social Contract theory advocates. Since Rawls came later than Hobbes, it is no surprise that his ideas are a bit similar with those of Hobbes and other social contract theorists. However, the similarities are few and the differences in their ideas as a whole are vast. We will write a custom essay sample on Hobbes and Rawls on Justice or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hobbes writes in his Leviathan that before the establishment of the government or any ruling body, man was in a state of nature. Since no one’s ruling over everyone, the state of nature could essentially be a form of anarchy. In this state of nature, every individual has a natural right to do anything for his sake. For example, if someone wants an object belonging to another, there is nothing wrong if that person takes it; if a person wants to use someone’s body, he can do so without thinking of the harm he does to the person. Thus, everything immoral we think of today is valid in that state of nature. There is no justice in such a state since justice only exists when there is some form of law that covers everyone and which everyone abides by. This is where Hobbes’ two laws of nature comes in. The first is that all individuals should seek peace because otherwise, the only alternative is war. The second is that everyone should give up certain rights to be able to attain that peace. And for this law to to work, everyone in society should agree to it. Rawls, on the other hand, uses the term original position instead of the state of nature. In the original position, there is also no government, and the individuals are behind a veil of ignorance wherein they have no idea of themselves, their preferences and their position in society, unlike the people in Hobbes state of nature. Since Rawls also believes that each individual acts on self-interest, being behind such a veil while forming the social contract that will rule over them will help keep the contract from being beneficial for only the minority. After all, the social contract will affect all in every way and thus, the individuals will design it in a manner so as not to risk placing themselves in an unfortunate position. Rawls say that they would then base their design on the maximin rule, summarize as each individual would choose a state that is the least unfortunate of all for them. A cake illustration simplifies things. Two individuals who want cake would agree that one cuts the cake once while the other chooses first. This will automatically guarantee that the cake will be cut evenly since the cutter wouldn’t want to end up with a smaller piece. To generalize, Rawls comes up with two basic principles of justice. First is that each person should have equal right to every liberty, like political liberty, freedom to hold property and speech, etc., as does everyone else, at the same time. The second is that inequalities, like wealth distribution and/or status, in society are okay only if it helps the least fortunate people in society and that each individual have equal opportunity to access it   (Jedicke). To relate, natural justice dictates that man is inherently good, a man with good intent should not be harmed and that man should treat others as he wants to be treated. The positive laws, often in contrast with natural law, were then established to help guide society. Although the statement that man is inherently good contradicts Hobbes’ view of man in the natural state, the natural law made by the governing body is like the social contract that everyone agreed upon to abide by. Since everyone is abiding by it, they’ve agreed to sacrifice certain rights they had in the state of nature. It cannot be helped, though, that some would still not give up and disobey the natural law, therefore committing a crime. If this was to be allowed to happen without due consequence, then everyone would stop abiding by the law and the world would revert back to the state of nature. Thus, punishing those who commit crime is only just for everyone who is keeping the law, since it is injustice when one does not keep it. The present society under democracy is the nearest consequence of how the social contract should be under Rawls’ justice. In a democracy, everyone is given equal right and opportunity for every liberty, all at the same time. Everyone is given the right to have education, thus the presence of public schools, because this will entail, in the end, that people would have equal opportunities for jobs. Unfortunately, it certainly isn’t happening completely and probably won’t happen completely. After all, the established laws were made by individuals who weren’t influenced by the veil of ignorance. Thus, as they made the present laws, even given that they made it to represent the will of the people, there would still be an injustice in that there would always be the probability that the law made were for the good of a few. Presently, it is obvious that a fair amount of Hobbes’ philosophy, and of other people, on justice is present at the judicial proceedings and laws in many countries. Rawls’ may be on its way as many people, like politicians, are reading and being influenced by his work. Works Cited Kay, Charles D. â€Å"Justice as Fairness.† 1997. 22 September 2007 http://webs.wofford.edu/kaycd/ethics/justice.htm How to cite Hobbes and Rawls on Justice, Essay examples

Bio Help free essay sample

For each of the questions or incomplete statements below (#1-15), select the answer choice that is best in each case. Fill in the corresponding lettered space on your scantron. 1. In the 1980’s satellite measurement of ozone concentration in the upper atmosphere over Antarctica revealed the environmental damage caused by use of A. lead in the lining of pipes. B. growth hormone on cattle. C. certain chemicals in refrigerants. D. plutonium to manufacture nuclear weapons. In examining a picture of a cell taken with an electron microscope, a student observes that the cell has a nucleus and a cell membrane, but not a cell wall. The student can correctly conclude that the cell probably comes from A. a moss. B. a fungus. C. a bacterium. D. an animal. 3. A chemical interferes with a cell’s ability to make proteins. Investigations reveal that the cell parts responsible for making proteins are in working order. The cell can also encode instructions for making proteins, but those instructions are not being carried out. The chemical appears to affect the communication between the A. cell wall and nucleus. B. nucleus and ribosomes. C. mitochondria and chloroplasts. D. endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes. 4. An ecologist obtains a water sample from a possibly polluted river. Which form of pollution could be searched for by examining slides of the water under a compound microscope? A. bacteria B. acid rain C. heavy metals D. dissolved riverbank minerals * Plants provide the entry point for energy into an ecosystem. How is this illustrated in a food pyramid? A. Plants are shown at the top of the pyramid. B. Plants always have the greatest overall bio-mass. C. Plants are located in the middle of the pyramid D. Plants have the smallest number of organisms. 9. How does DNA change from generation to generation in asexual organisms? A. cloning B. mutation C. variation D. gene pairing10. Athletes want a drink to help them maintain constant cellular respiration during their game. To accomplish this, the drink should contain A. ATP. B. lipids. C. glucose. D. proteins. * Brussels sprouts, cabbage, and cauliflower are all variations of the same species of mustard plant. If they are allowed to crossbreed, they will eventually produce similar-looking offspring. What process created these different variations in the first place? A. sexual selection B. natural selection C. DNA transplants D. selective breeding The Genetics of Mouse Fur| Trait| Gene| Inheritance| dark brown fur| B| dominant| light brown fur| b| recessive| 15. If two heterozygous mice (Bb) mate, what is the probability that an offspring will have dark brown fur? A. 1 3 B. 1 2 C. 3 4 D. 2Directions for Question 16: When responding to the open-ended question that follows, you may use words, tables, diagrams, and /or drawings. Write your answer in your answer folder. 16. Sally and her parents have an unusual trait which is carried on a dominant gene. * If Sally’s parents have another child, could he or she have the normal, recessive trait? * Could Sally have children with the normal, recessive trait? * Explain the factors that affect your conclusion. END OF PART 1 STOPSCIENCE – PART 2 * A biologist would use a compound microscope to count which of the following? A. genes B. proteins C. enzymes D. chromosomes * In 2000, gene therapy was used to cure three infants with Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (SCID). This technology can only be used if SCID is what kind of disease? A. inherited B. infectious C. metabolic D. contagious19. In fruit flies with the curly wing mutation, the wings will be straight if the flies are kept at 16 degrees Celsius. The most probable explanation for this is that A. fruit flies with curly wings cannot survive at high temperatures. B. he environment influences wing phenotype in these fruit flies. C. high temperatures increase the rate of mutations. D. wing length in these fruit flies is directly proportional to temperature. * Viruses are exceptions to the cell theory, but they have some characteristics of living things. What is one of these characteristics? A. They are made up of many specialized cells. B. They contain genetic material. C. They reproduce by mitosis. D. They contain chlorophyll. 26. In squirrels, the gene for gray fur (G) is dominant over the gene for black fur (g). If 50% of a large litter of squirrels are gray, the parental cross that produced this litter was most likely A. GG x Gg B. GG x GG C. Gg x gg D. gg x gg * Because the gene for hemophilia is located on the X-chromosome, it is normally impossible for aA. carrier mother to pass the gene to her sonB. hemophiliac father to pass the gene on to his sonC. hemophiliac father to pass the gene to his daughterD. carrier mother to pass the gene to her daughter * The outward appearance (gene expression) of a particular trait in an organism is referred to as A. genotype B. a phenotype C. an allele D. a chromosome * Proteins are made from amino acids by the process ofA. hydrolysisB. pinocytosisC. active transportD. dehydration synthesisSCIENCE – PART 333. The structural similarities between the flippers of whales and the arms of humans are used to show that the A. human species began life in the oceansB. human species and whales have a common ancestryC. whales are older than the human species D. whales evolved from the human species * A biologist reported success in breeding a tiger with a lion, producing healthy offspring. Other biologists will accept this report as fact only if A. research shows that other animals can be crossbred B. the offspring are given a scientific name C. the biologist included a control in the experiment D. other researchers can replicate the experiment * The diagram below represents a pyramid of energy in an ecosystem. Which level in the pyramid would most likely contain members of the plant kingdom? A. AB. BC. CD. D * According to some scientists, patterns of evolution can be illustrated by the diagrams below. Which statement best explains the patterns seen in these diagrams? A. The organisms at the end of each branch can be found in the environment today. B. The organisms that are living today have all evolved at the same rate and have undergone the same kinds of changes. C. Evolution involves changes that give rise to a variety of organisms, some of which continue to change through time while others die out. D. These patterns cannot be used to illustrate the evolution of extinct organisms. * During meiosis, crossing-over (gene exchange between chromosomes) may occur. Crossing over usually results in A. overproduction of gametes B. fertilization and development C. he formation of identical offspring D. variation within the species43. In an ecosystem, which component is not recycled? A. waterB. energyC. oxygenD. carbon44. Which practice would most likely deplete a non- renewable natural resource? A. harvesting trees on a tree farmB. burning coal to generate electricity in a power plantC. restricting water usage during a period of water shortageD. building a dam and a power plant to use water to generate electricity. * Changes in the chemical composition of the atmosphere that may produce acid rain are most closely associated withA. nsects that excrete acidsB. runoff from acidic soilsC. industrial smoke stack emissionsD. flocks of migrating birds * A sudden change in the DNA of a chromosome can usually be passed on to future generations if the change occurs in a A. skin cellB. liver cellC. sex cellD. brain cell| The Genetics of Cat Fur| Trait| Inheritance| short hair| dominant| long hair| recessive| 5. If a long-haired cat is mated to a pure-bredshort-haired cat, what will be the expected appearance of their offspring? A. 100% short-haired B. 75% short-haired; 25% long-haired C. 0% short-haired; 50% long-haired D. 25% short-haired, 75% long-haired6. Scientists use a certain technique to measure RNA levels in various cell types. Which of the following is most directly observed by this technique? A. mutation B. cell division C. gene expression D. osmotic regulation * A certain trait is caused by a re cessively inherited gene that is not sex-linked. A man and a woman, neither of whom exhibits the trait, have a child with the trait. What is the probability that their second child will have the trait? A. 0% B. 25% C. 50% D. 100%12. The oldest fossils that have been found are of single-celled organisms. This suggests that life on Earth A. has evolved over time from simple to complex. B. has become less complex as the atmosphere changed. C. changes in response to mutations, not environment. D. mutates in order to adapt to new environments. 13. Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, fossil fuels have been burned extensively. One way to study the atmospheric effects of burning fossil fuels is to study the percent increase in atmospheric A. carbon dioxide. B. elium. C. nitrogen. D. oxygen. * What cellular process in plants makes them useful to animals as a source of energy? A. ATP production B. DNA replication C. cellular respiration D. glucose production21. Which formula represents an organic compound? A. Mg(OH)2B. NaC1C. C12H22O11D. NH322. Which are the four most abundant elements in living cells? A. carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfurB. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogenC. carbon, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorusD. carbon, sulfur, hydrogen, magnesium23. Which pair of compounds can be classified as inorganic? A. ucleic acids and mineralsB. proteins and waterC. water and saltsD. nucleic acids and proteins24. Most cell membranes are composed principally ofA. DNA and ATPB. proteins and lipidsC. chitin and starchD. nucleotides and amino acids25. Normally, in the process of osmosis, the net flow of water molecules into or out of the cell depends upon differences in the A. concentration of water molecules inside and outside the cell B. concentration of enzymes on either side of the cell membrane C. rate of molecular motion on either side of the cell membrane D. ate of movement of insoluble molecules inside the cell * Two nucleotide sequences found in two differentspecies are almost exactly the same. This suggests that these speciesA. are evolving into the same speciesB. contain identical DNAC. may have similar evolutionary historiesD. have the same number of mutations * The theory that evolutionary change is slow and continuous is known asA. punctuated equilibriumB. geographic isolationC. speciationD. gradualismDirections for Question 32: When responding to the open-ended question that follows, you may use words, tables, diagrams, and/or drawings. Write your answers in your answer folder. 32. Adrian has constructed a miniature ecosystem that includes tiny animals in a sealed glass jar. He measures the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide of the air inside the jar periodically. After recording an increase in oxygen and a decrease in carbon dioxide, he concludes that there are too many plants for the number of animals inside the jar. * How did the measurements lead him to this conclusion? * If Adrian places the glass jar in a room that receives less light, how will this help balance the ecosystem in the glass jar? END OF PART 2 STOP 36. The diagrams below represent some steps in a procedure used in biotechnology. Letters X an Y represent the A. hormones that stimulate the replication of bacterial DNA B. biochemical catalysts involved in the insertion of genes into other organisms C. hormones that trigger rapid mutation of genetic information D. gases needed to produce the energy required for gene manipulation * Which statement best illustrates a rapid biological adaptation that has actually occurred? A. Pesticide-resistant insects have developed in certain environments. B. Scientific evidence indicates that dinosaurs once lived on land. C. Paving large areas of land has decreased habitats for certain organisms. D. The characteristics of sharks have remained unchanged over a long period of time. 40. The equation below represents a summary of a biological process. Carbon dioxide + water glucose + water + oxygenThis process is completed inA. mitochondriaB. ribosomesC. cell membranesD. chloroplasts41. In a stable, long-existing community, the establishment of a single species per niche is most directly the result ofA. parasitismB. nterbreedingC. competitionD. overproduction * The flow of energy through an ecosystem involves many energy transfers. The diagram below summarized the transfer of energy that eventually powers muscle activity. Sun Food ATP Muscle Activity A B C The process of cellular respiration is represented byA. Arrow A onlyB. Arrow B onlyC. Arrow C onlyD. Arrows A, B, and C47. Which structure is best observed using a compound light microscope? A. a cellB. a virusC. a DNA sequenceD. he inner surface of a mitochondrionDirections for Question 48: When responding to the open-ended question that follows, you may use words, tables, diagrams, and/or drawings. Write your answers in your answer folder. * In the process of genetic engineering, scientists can develop organisms with traits they would not otherwise possess. * Identify two biological materials scientists work with when conducting genetic engineering experiments. * Identify two kinds of cells biologists work with in order to genetically engineer organisms.